Table 3 Description of reviews
From: The impact of eHealth on relationships and trust in primary care: a review of reviews
Review | Type of review | Type of technology | Setting | Description of patients | Description of providers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Management systems | |||||
Shachak et al. (2009) [92] | Literature review | Electronic Medical Records and Computer Physician Order Entry systems | Primary care clinics | Not described | Physicians (general practitioners, family medicine, internal medicine residents, ER doctors), faculty internists, nurses |
Irani et al. (2009) [96] | Systematic review | Electronic Health Records used in the examination room | Ambulatory care, outpatient office settings | Not described for all studies, one study included patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia, another included paediatric patients | Physicians |
McGinn et al. (2011) [97] | Systematic review | Electronic Health Records, Electronic Medical Records, computerized patient information systems and medical records, personal health records, portable computers, smart card and summary care records | Not described | Not described | Mostly physicians, nurses, less commonly pharmacists, midwives, social workers |
Bassi et al. (2012) [98] | Systematic review | Information Communication Technologies (including Electronic Medical Records and other types like computer-based information systems, computerized claims or billing systems, computerized scheduling or prescribing systems) | Ambulatory physician office practices (including primary care settings) | Not described | Family physicians/general practitioners, specialists including ophthalmologists pediatricians, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, physician assistants, nurses, nurse practitioners |
Kazmi et al. (2013) [89] | Systematic review | Electronic Health Records | Outpatient settings | Not described | Physicians |
Nguyen et al. (2014) [99] | Systematic literature review | Electronic Health Records | Primary care, secondary care, tertiary care, ambulatory care, long-term care, community and consumer based, cross-sectional (spanning over one care level) | Not described | Doctors and nurses |
Alkureishi et al. (2015) [79] | Systematic review | Electronic Medical Records | Mostly outpatient primary care settings, some in specialty clinic and inpatient settings | Mostly adult and some paediatric patients | Not described |
Rathert et al. (2017) [91] | Systematic review | Electronic Health Records and Electronic Medical Records (referred to together as EHR) | Any health service setting | Adult patients excluding dental or psychiatric patients, participants not described | Physicians |
Mold et al. (2018) [100] | Systematic review | Computerized Medical Records and online services | Primary care | Adult patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | Not described |
Wisner et al. (2019) [101] | Integrative review | Electronic Health Records | Hospital settings including mostly inpatient acute care units | Not described | Mostly registered nurses, also included physicians and midwives |
Diffin et al. (2019) [102] | Systematic realist review | Patient Personal Health Records | Children’s hospital, disease specific outpatient clinics and departments within hospitals, primary care, rehabilitation hospital, special education schools/units, not-for-profit organizations | Children and young persons (0–24 years) including adolescents with intellectual disability, depressive symptoms, complex health and palliative needs, cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, asthma, autism spectrum diagnosis | Not described |
Lordon et al. (2020) [81] | Systematic review | Patient Generated Health Data | Mostly primary care, one paper focused on surgical setting | Not described | Not described |
Benjamins et al. (2021) [66] | Scoping review | Patient-Accessible Electronic Health Records | Varied settings, including hospitals and primary care | Broad range of adult patients, with some papers focusing on specific patient groups including cancer, cardiac, chronically ill, HIV-positive, psychiatric, gynecologic patients and veterans | Not described |
Tapuria et al. (2021) [95] | Systematic review | Electronic Health Records that could be accessed by patients through patient portals | Not described | Not described | Not described |
Wark et al. (2021) [60] | Scoping review | Electronic Health Records | Not described | Not described | Not described |
Zurynski et al. (2021) [103] | Scoping review | Electronic Medical Records | Primary studies were conducted in different settings including psychiatric hospitals, mental health facilities, psychiatry services, primary care clinics, child and youth psychiatry clinics, community mental health clinics One review focused on mental health settings, others focused on other health settings | Not described | Mental health professionals including psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and other professionals invovled in treating people with mental health disorders including allied health professionals |
Schwarz et al. (2022) [104] | Scoping review | Patient-accessible electronic health records (PAEHR) | Inpatient and outpatient mental health settings and primary care settings | Service users with mental health conditions, veterans | Healthcare professionals (including mental health professionals like psychologists, social workers and nurses, general medical practitioners) |
Communication systems | |||||
Verhoeven et al. (2010) [105] | Systematic review | Asychronous (most studies) or synchronous teleconsultation or a combination of both | Primary, secondary, tertiary and integrated care settings | Patients with diabetes | Specialized nurses, other specialists, primary care providers, case managers or professional role not specified |
Brewster et al. (2013) [106] | Systematic review | Technology to remotely fulfill healthcare needs (including video-phone links and remote monitoring equipment) | Not described | Patients with COPD and CHF | Frontline staff including general practitioners, cardiologists, nurses, hospital staff, social care staff, |
Simpson et al. (2014) [62] | Systematic review | Videoconferencing | Not described | Adult, adolescent, and child clients with wide range of mental health disorders | Psychologists |
Nguyen et al. (2015) [90] | Systematic review | Paging systems, web-based smartphone messaging systems, smartphone-linked email system, wireless email, blog, hands-free communication device | Hospitals and clinics | Not described | Trainees, nurses, attending physicians, pharmacists, medical teams, anesthesiologists |
Keijser et al. (2016) [107] | Systematic review | Health Information Technology (including phone, text messaging, email and teleconferencing) | Integrated healthcare (e.g., chronic disease management; home telecare programs; multidisciplinary team consultations; virtual integrated practice), thematic collaborations (e.g. healthcare quality improvement initiatives; communities of practice) and patient-centred online programs | Not described | Not described |
Petit et al. (2016) [108] | Scoping review | Smart devices | Primary care (preventative care) | Not described | Not described |
Henry et al. (2017) [65] | Systematic literature review | Telecommunications technologies (including phone, videophone/videoconferencing, telemonitoring, computers, electronic communication and robots) | Home care, primary and specialist care, mental health/counseling, multi-site teams, and educational settings | Not described | Healthcare providers, students, and trainees |
Richards et al. (2018) [109] | Systematic review | Mobile phones, tablets, Personal Digital Assistants, handheld devices | Non-inpatient settings or non-patient and inpatient settings | Patients with cancer (mostly adults, but also included children and adolescents) | Not described |
Watkins et al. (2018) [110] | Realist review | mHealth | All types of low-resourced settings in LMICs | Patients over 18 years of age with chronic diseases, including stroke, hypertension and HIV | Community health workers, nurses, doctors |
Penny et al. (2018) [111] | Systematic review | Telehealth through videoconferencing (one study also involved remote monitoring and another involved a web forum) | Varied settings including NICUs, chemotherapy, hospitals, hospice, home care, nursing homes, clinics, medical centres, outpatient paediatric clinics | Varied populations including paediatric (NICU, suspected child abuse) and adult populations (hospice, COPD, postpartum parents) | Registered nurses and midwives |
Walker et al. (2019) [112] | Systematic review | Remote monitoring | Not described, but study only focused on telemonitoring for non-hospitalized patients | Patients over 18 years of age with chronic health conditions, including COPD, heart failure, diabetes, end stage kidney disease and hypertension | Not described |
Qudah et al. (2019) [83] | Systematic review | mHealth apps available on smartphones or personal digital assistants | Not described | Adolescent and adult patients with mental health conditions, diabetes, cancer, pregnancy, respiratory disorders, postsurgical care and other conditions | Physicians, nurses, multidisciplinary teams, and other providers |
Foong et al. (2020) [113] | Systematic review | Telemedicine, mHealth and specific mHealth app | Clinical or community settings | Patients with diabetic foot ulcer | Nurses, physicians, podiatrists, physician assistants |
Odendaal et al. (2020) [16] | Qualitative evidence synthesis | mHealth | Primary care settings including clients’ homes, clinics, hospitals, general practices and schools | Not described | All healthcare workers, including lay, paraprofessional, and professional workers (nurses, paramedics, doctors, midwives, pharmacists, and lab staff) |
Vimalananda et al. (2020) [114] | Systematic review | e-consults | Primary care physician consultations, medical centres, tertiary academic medical centre, integrated health delivery systems, community health centres, veteran's affairs, state/city/regional/district programs, non-governmental organizations, private company | Not described | Primary care providers and specialists |
Wehmann et al. (2020) [93] | Systematic review | Email, web-based programs, telephone, and a smartphone app | Not described | Patients aged over 18 years diagnosed with unipolar depression | Therapists including Masters students and licensed psychotherapists and psychologists |
Wickramasekera et al. (2020) [115] | Systematic review | Patient-completed electronic clinical assessment tool | Secondary care settings including tertiary care centre, medical centre, cancer care clinics and centres, outpatient clinics, teaching and university hospitals, ER departments | Varied patient population including cancer, gynaecology, neurology, domestic violence, paediatric rheumatology | Mostly doctors and some studies included nurses |
LeBlanc et al. (2020) [54] | Scoping review | eHealth technologies used to remotely diagnose and treat patients (including combinations of video-conferences, telephone calls, and remote monitoring devices) | Rural health settings | Not described | Not described |
Irvine et al. (2020) [88] | Systematic review | Telephone-delivered interventions | Clinical settings and other settings like educational and occupational contexts | Individuals with clinically diagnosed mental health conditions and those presenting with sub-threshold psychological or emotional difficulties | Not described |
Thiyagarajan et al. (2020) [116] | Scoping review | Synchronous videoconferencing for two-way communication | Primary care | Not described | Not described |
Gorrie et al. (2021) [70] | Literature review | Telegenetics through videoconferencing | Not described | Patients seen for cancer, prenatal/pediatric genetic counselling | Health professionals utilizing telegenetics |
Siegel et al. (2021) [58] | Systematic review | Telephone, Zoom, Epic MyChart video visits | Not described | Not described | Psychiatrists and mental health providers |
Dalley et al. (2021) [87] | Systematic review | Telehealth videoconferencing | Primary care (telecardiology and televascular), nursing home, speech language therapy, and postoperative oncology | Not described | Not described |
Keenan et al. (2021) [72] | Systematic review | Information Communication Technology (including telehealth and non-telehealth services involving an interaction with the healthcare provider) | Not described | Not described | Not described |
Drovandi et al. (2021) [55] | Overview of systematic reviews | Remote monitoring or management technologies including synchronous teleconsultations (phone and video) mobile-based systems for image documentation, mobile phone apps, mobile outreach services, remote review of digital records, home-based monitoring devices | Not described | Adults with or at risk of diabetes-related foot disease | Clinicians managing diabetes-related foot disease |
Ferguson et al. (2021) [117] | Systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis | Wearable technologies or devices that used wearable, continuous and passive monitoring | Range of settings including residential and nursing homes, hospitals, and clinics | Older patients, mean age over 65 years with a heart-related condition | Providers included doctors, nurses, general practitioners |
Howard et al. (2021) [94] | Systematic review | Not all studies involved technology-mediated interventions. Types of technology included videoconferencing, telephone and internet-based therapy | Varied settings including inpatient and outpatient settings | Patients with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder related to varied issues including childhood abuse, political violence, war trauma/veterans, illness, complex trauma exposure, dissociative disorders, schizophrenia, sexual assault | Not described |
Kinley et al. (2021) [56] | Systematic rapid realist review | Remote consultations including telephone and video consultations | Not described but focus of paper appears to be on primary care | Adults or children diagnosed with asthma | Healthcare providers (professional background not specified) |
Sharma et al. (2021) [75] | Unclear (the terms "thematic review" and "literature review" are used) | Telepsychiatry involving videoconsultation | Not described | Not described | Not described |
Spelten et al. (2021) [57] | Scoping review of reviews and review of current evidence and guidelines provided by professional bodies | Mostly telephone or videoconferencing, followed by web-based interventions | Not clearly described in all included reviews but some reviews mentioned different settings including hospitals, palliative care, hospices, community primary care | Cancer survivors with different types of cancer including breast (majority), colorectal, prostate, cervical, ovarian | Health care providers including nurses (most frequently), psychologists, physiotherapists, social workers, counsellors, peer workers |
Verma et al. (2021) [63] | Rapid review | Telemedicine | Primary care settings only | Not described | Primary care providers (professional background not described) |
Wallace et al. (2021) [76] | Scoping | Telehealth | Not described | Patients with different types of musculoskeletal pain at different sites (e.g., spine, upper limbs, lower limbs) and associated with different conditions (e.g., OA knee) | Not described |
Wu et al. (2021) [78] | Integrative review | Telemedicine including virtual synchronous visits provided through phone calls or video web conferencing | Not described, but appear to include prenatal care provided in any setting | Pregnant patients (low and high risk) | Nurses, midwives, physicians, or other health care providers providing routine prenatal care, management of gestational diabetes or maternal fetal medicine consultations |
de Albornoz et al. (2022) [68] | Systematic review | Telemedicine delivered via telephone or videoconference | Primary care only (including mental health and allied health services) | Adults aged 18 and older receiving primary care, mental health or allied health services, with a range of concerns including acute nonurgent conditions, major diagnoses (including mental disorders), respiratory infections, malnutrition, nicotine dependence, chronic conditions and post-partum care, medically unexplained pain, opioid abuse, cancer | Primary care providers including physicians and allied health staff |
Walthall et al. (2022) [77] | Unclear. The term 'Narrative synthesis' is used to describe the methodology as well as the analysis method | Remote consultations including telephone, video, and electronic consultations through text messages, websites or email | Different settings including palliative care, primary care, musculoskeletal care | Not described | Physicians, physiotherapists |
Diaz et al. (2022) [69] | Scoping review | Telemedicine including video consultations conducted by Zoom, Skype, FaceTime and via EHR mobile applications | Primary care and specialty clinics | Non-institutionalized, non-chronically ill female adolescents and young adults, ages 10–24 years | Providers serving this patient population |
Lampickiene et al. (2022) [73] | Scoping review | Videoconferencing | Not described | Not described | Healthcare professionals including mostly physicians (medical oncology, general practitioners, otolaryngologists, urologists, cardiologists, physiatrists), mental health professionals (therapists and psychotherapists), nurses, advanced practice professionals, dieticians, physical therapists |
Lindenfeld et al. (2022) [64] | Scoping review | Synchronous telemedicine consultations through videoconference or audio-only technologies | Primary care settings (large integrated health systems, academic medical centres, veterans affairs clinics) | Not described | Primary care providers (professional background not described) |
Computerized Decision Support Systems | |||||
Scalia et al. (2019) [118] | Systematic review | Patient Decision Aids designed for collaborative use during clinical encounters | Varied settings including in-hospital and outpatient clinics, hospital units, and primary care | Not described | Providers from varied disciplines including primary care clinicians, specialists, nurses, medical assistants, |
Yen et al. (2021) [119] | Systematic review | Patient Decision Aids | Varied settings including clinics, homes and research facilities | Patients on hemodialysis for kidney transplants, cancer screening, cancer surgery, total knee replacement, early intervention for developmental concerns, prenatal genetic testing, chest pain testing | Not described |
Čartolovni et al. (2022) [120] | Scoping review | Artificial Intelligence-based medical decision-support tools including machine learning, deep learning, and several papers specifically mentioned IBM's Watson | Not described | Not described | Not described |
Information systems | |||||
Farnood et al. (2015) [80] | Systematic review | Internet use on smartphones | Primary care settings | Patients over 18 years of age, not described further | Health professionals over 18 years of age, including physicians, nurses, and others |
Luo et al. (2022) [85] | Systematic review | Online health information seeking using the Internet | Range of practice settings including primary care clinics, hospitals, and medical specialist practices | Patients with range of conditions including mental health disorders (psychosis, schizophrenia) hematology-related conditions, diabetes mellitus, heart conditions, hepatitis C, dermatological conditions, rheumatological conditions, cancer, multiple sclerosis, reproductive conditions and needs, preoperative consults | Not described |
Multiple technologies across categories | |||||
Crooks et al. (2009) [121] | Systematic review | Computer use during in-person appointments, Electronic Medical Records | Primary care (family medicine) | Not described | Family doctors |
Ludwick et al. (2009) [122] | Systematic review | Computer Physician Order Entry Systems, Electronic Medical Records, Electronic Health Records, Clinical Decision Support Systems and Personal Health Records | Primary care, ambulatory care, community care and acute care settings | Not described | Not described |
Kruse et al. (2015) [123] | Systematic review | Web-based portals, medication management tools, mobile monitoring apps connected to portals | Not described, but some references made to hospitals and clinics | Patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, heart conditions and cancer | Not described |
Barbosa et al. (2016) [61] | Integrative review | Telehealth (telephone and video) and computerized decision support tools | Not described | Not described | Nurses |
Crampton et al. (2016) [124] | Scoping review | Health Information Technologies used in face-to-face clinician encounters (desktop, laptop, mobile, tablet) | Primary care (including pediatrics and psychiatry), specialty clinics, internal medicine clinics, hospital departments, home care/OT, inpatient (simulations) | Not described | Not described |
Clarke et al. (2016) [125] | Unclear (literature or systematic review) | Internet (including websites, chat rooms, email lists, email with a healthcare provider) | Primary care | Adult patients including women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, patients with hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic conditions, non-inflammatory musculoskeletal pain, HPV infection, epilepsy, coronary heart disease, cystic fibrosis, orthopedic conditions, asthma | Not described |
Patel et al. (2017) [126] | Systematic review | Computerized systems (mostly EHRs, also included other types like order entry and decision support, or did not specify type of system) | Varied settings including large health systems, regional hospitals, primary care clinics, specialty clinics, surgical clinics, Veterans Affairs settings and simulated laboratory settings | Not described | Not described |
Barr et al. (2017) [86] | Systematic review | Information Communication Technologies (including Electronic Health Records, telehealth, online communities and learning resources) | Varied settings including primary care, hospitals, community care, long-term care | Individuals with medically complex conditions, depression, hypertension, obesity, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure/arrhythmia, cancer | Family physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, physical and occupational therapists, speech language therapists, pathologists, dieticians |
Rouleau et al. (2017) [53] | Overview of systematic reviews | Information Communication Technologies including management systems (e.g., Electronic Medical Records, Electronic Health Records), communication systems (e.g., email, mobile phone, telemedicine or telehealth using videoconferencing), and computerized decision support systems (e.g., medication management technology) | Varied settings including emergency departments, in-hospital units and clinics, primary care, ambulatory clinics, long-term care, home and community care | Not described | Registered nurses, nurses in training, nursing students |
Adjekum et al. (2018) [59] | Scoping review | Digital health | Not described | Patients or the public, not described further | Pharmacists, OTs, PTs, physicians and nurses, medical and nursing students |
Palacholla et al. (2019) [127] | Scoping review | Digital Health Technologies (including remote monitoring and management, clinical decision support, patient engagement, televisits, point-of-care, tools providing computer access to clinical data) | Mostly primary care settings | Patients managing hypertension | Not described |
Davies et al. (2020) [128] | Systematic review | Web-based mental health therapy (entirely self-directed web-based or blended with face-to-face care) | Hospitals, clinics, general community | Not described | Psychologists, social workers, general practitioners, nurses, psychiatrists |
Sunjaya et al. (2020) [84] | Systematic review | Videoconferencing, email, web and application-based platforms and online modules | Not described | Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder | Not described |
Hilty et al. (2021) [129] | Literature review | Text, sensors and wearables, e-consultation, store-and-forward technology | Primary care, including referral to and communication with specialists | Not described | Primary care providers and specialists |
Noblin et al. (2021) [82] | Systematic review | Patient portal, secure messaging, results reporting, telehomecare, Electronic Health Record, email, online immunization records, electronic Personal Health Record, eRedbook, personal child health record, 2-way messaging with providers | Not described | Adult and child patients, not described | Not described |
Al-Naher et al. (2022) [67] | Systematic review | Remote monitoring systems, clinical decision tools, patient health information platforms, online patient self-management tools, educational tools, telephone consultations, peer-support system, pharmacy-based consultation | Patients' homes (majority), community including workplace, hospitals and clinics | Adults diagnosed with chronic heart failure of all severities | Health care professionals involved in their care, professional background not specified |
Giordan et al. (2022) [130] | Systematic review | Mobile apps via smartphones or tablets (for telemonitoring with transfer of data to providers, self-management support, patient access to electronic medical records, or direct clinician communication) | Not described | Adult patients with heart failure | Not described |
Hartasanchez et al. (2022) [71] | Systematic review | Synchronous (e.g., video consults, technology used in preparation for synchronous consult like symptom tracking device) and asynchronous remote shared decision making (e.g., patient-clinician conversation using apps) | Primary care clinics, tertiary referral centres, and academic departments | Adults with chronic conditions (including cancer, diabetes, vascular or cardiovascular conditions, Parkinson's disease, uterine or prostatic hyperplasia, hip/knee/back pain), young adults with infertility, mental health conditions | Healthcare providers (professional backgrounds not specified) |
Shah et al. (2022) [74] | Narrative review | Social media (Facebook, YouTube); mobile apps; websites; text messaging; blended, telephone-based, video-conferencing delivered in real time; multitechnology interventions | Not described | Patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis or pain both pre and post joint replacement surgery | Provider background not specified in some included studies, but mostly included providers from different professional backgrounds like physiotherapists and nurses |