Table 3 Mixed-effects linear regression models for analysing the association of family factors and received instrumental social support (higher scores indicating higher support)

Constant

3.08(2.45,3.71)

< 0.001

3.18(2.51–3.85)

< 0.001

3.16(2.55,3.78)

< 0.001

Age

 Continuous

-0.006(-0.01, -0.01)

0.05

<-0.01(-0.01,0.002)

0.22

<-0.01(-0.01,0.00)

0.11

<-0.01(-0.01,0.00)

0.11

Gender

 Man

Ref.

Ref. 1

Ref. 1

 Woman

-0.03(-0.12,0.06)

0.49

<-0.01(-0.10,0.09)

0.95

<-0.01(-0.11,0.09)

0.85

Family size

 0–10 members

Ref.

Ref. 1

Ref. 1

Ref. 1

 11 + members

0.22(0.08,0.36)

0.002

0.17(0.03,0.32)

0.01

0.18(0.04,0.32)

0.01

0.18(0.04,0.32)

0.01

Household size

 1 (only participant)

Ref.

 2–4 people

0.30(0.14,0.47)

0.0008

 5 people or more

0.32(0.12,0.52)

Married or not

 No

Ref.

 Yes

0.17(0.04,0.29)

0.008

N of children

 Continuous

0.04(0.01,0.06)

0.001

N of daughter

 Continuous

0.02(-0.01,0.05)

0.26

N of son

 Continuous

0.07(0.04,0.11)

< 0.001

Having 1 + rich child

 No

Ref.

 Yes

0.05(-0.07,0.17)

0.44

Having 1 + highly educated child

 No

Ref.

 Yes

0.09(-0.01,0.20)

0.09

Living arrangement

 Living alone/others

Ref.

Ref. 1

Ref. 1

Ref. 1

 Living with children only

0.31(0.13,0.49)

0.0006

0.16(-0.03,0.35)

0.01

0.12(-0.07,0.31)

0.02

0.11(-0.08,0.31)

0.05

 Living with spouse only

0.30(0.14,0.47)

0.27(0.10,0.43)

0.24(0.07,0.41)

0.23(0.06,0.40)

 Living with spouse& children

0.33(0.16,0.49)

0.16(-0.02,0.34)

0.13(-0.05,0.31)

0.12(-0.06,0.31)

Geographic proximity of 1 + child ***

 Same home

Ref.

 Same neighbourhood

0.02(-0.12,0.15)

0.15

 Same city or farther

-0.12(-0.25,0.01)

Living with 1 + daughter

 No

Ref.

 Yes

0.08(-0.03,0.20)

0.15

Living with 1 + son

 No

Ref.

 Yes

0.08(-0.03,0.18)

0.15

Quantity of contacts with 1 + child***

 Less than everyday

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Everyday

0.19(0.07,0.30)

0.001

0.23(0.09,0.37)

0.001

0.22(0.08,0.36)

0.002

0.21(0.07,0.35)

0.003

Quality of relationships with spouse ***

 Less than very good

Ref.

 Very good

-0.08(-0.20,0.04)

0.21

Quality of relationships with 1 + child***

 Less than very good

Ref.

 Very good

-0.06(-0.17,0.04)

0.25

Quality of relationships with 1 + family member

 Less than very good

Ref.

 Very good

-0.04(-0.17,0.09)

0.53

Education

 Illiterate

Ref.

 1–9 years

0.06(-0.05,0.17)

0.22

 10 years and more

-0.07(-0.26,0.12)

Economic status perceived

 Poorer than average

Ref.

Ref. 1

Ref. 1

 Same or better than average

0.12(0.00,0.22)

0.03

0.08(-0.02,0.19)

0.13

0.08(-0.02,0.19)

0.11

GHQ

 Rest quartiles

Ref.

Ref. 1

 Worst quartile

-0.18(-0.30,-0.06)

0.002

-0.16(-0.28,-0.04)

0.007

Nagi

 Rest quartiles

Ref.

Ref. 1

Ref. 1

 Worst quartile

0.13(0.01,0.25)

0.02

0.18(0.06,0.30)

0.002

0.18(0.06,0.30)

0.003

Interaction GHQ*Gender P.V

0.076

GHQ in men

 Rest quartiles

Ref. 1

 Worst quartile

-0.04(-0.22,0.14)

0.67

GHQ in women

 Rest quartile

Ref. 1

 Worst quartile

-0.23(-0.38,-0.09)

0.001

LR test vs. linear regression P.v

Neighbourhood-level ICC

Household-level ICC

< 0.001

0.03

0.16

< 0.001

0.03

0.16

< 0.001

0.03

0.16