Table 1 Distribution of participants by demographic, socio-economic and family characteristics, by gender
Variables | All (n = 644) | Men (n = 322) | Women (n = 322) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
Mean (SD) | 69.8 (7.2) | 70.6(7.5) | 68.9(6.8) |
Education | |||
Illiterate | 307(47.7) | 104(32.2) | 203(63.0) |
Preliminary (1–5) | 215(33.4) | 130(40.3) | 85(26.3) |
Second level | 35(5.4) | 26(8.0) | 9(2.7) |
Diploma | 41(6.3) | 25(7.7) | 16(4.9) |
University qualification | 41(6.3) | 33(10.2) | 8(2.4) |
Religion degree | 4(0.6) | 4(1.2) | 0(0.0) |
Economic status perceived | |||
Dependent on others (no income) | 105(16.3) | 41(12.2) | 64(19.8) |
Enough for living | 534(82.9) | 276(85.7) | 258(80.1) |
More than enough | 5(0.7) | 5(1.5) | 0(0.0) |
Family size | |||
0–9 members | 76 (11.8%) | - | - |
10 + members | 568 (88.2%) | - | - |
Household size | |||
1 (only participant) | 79 (12.1%) | - | - |
2–4 people | 449 (69.7%) | - | - |
5 people or more | 116(18.0%) | - | - |
Mean (SD) | 3.0(1.7) | 3.3(1.7) | 2.7(1.6) |
Marital status | |||
Married | 459(71.2) | 290(90.0) | 169(52.4) |
Widowed | 177(27.4) | 30(9.3) | 147(45.6) |
Other (never married, divorced) | 8(1.2) | 2(0.6) | 6(1.8) |
N of children (n = 2993) | |||
Mean (SD) | 4.6 (2.1) | 4.7 (2.0) | 4.6 (2.2) |
N of daughter | |||
Mean (SD) | 2.2(1.4) | - | - |
N of son | |||
Mean (SD) | 2.3(1.3) | - | - |
Having 1 + rich child (n = 2993) | |||
No (n %) | 2658 (88.8) | - | - |
Yes (n %) | 335(11.3) | - | - |
Having 1 + highly educated child (n = 2993) | |||
No | 2273 (75.9) | - | - |
Yes | 720(24.4) | - | - |
Living arrangement | |||
Living alone/others | 94(14.5) | 14(4.3) | 80(24.8) |
Living with children only | 101(15.6) | 24(7.4) | 77(23.9) |
Living with spouse only | 174(27) | 99(30.7) | 75(23.2) |
Living with spouse& children | 275(42.7) | 185(57.4) | 90(27.9) |
Geographic proximity of 1 + child *** | |||
Same home | 376(58.3) | 209(65.9) | 167(53.8) |
Same neighbourhood | 116(17.4) | 50(15.7) | 66(21.2) |
Same city or further | 152(23.6) | 63(18.4) | 89(25.0) |
Quantity of contacts with 1 + child*** | |||
Less than everyday | 181(28.2) | 81(24.0) | 100(28.4) |
Everyday | 463(71.8) | 241(76.0) | 222(71.6) |
Quality of relationships with spouse*** | |||
Less than very good | 306(47.6) | 97(22.5) | 209(35.2) |
Very good | 338(52.4) | 225(77.5) | 113(66.8) |
Quality of relationships with 1 + child*** | |||
Less than very good | 193(30.0) | 93(27.4) | 100(28.4) |
Very good | 451(70.0) | 229(72.2) | 222(71.6) |
Quality of relationships with 1 + family member | |||
Less than very good | 115(17.9) | 51(15.9) | 64(19.2) |
Very good | 529(82.1) | 271(84.1) | 258(80.8) |
GHQ score | |||
Rest quartiles | 489(75.9) | 273 (84.5) | 216 (67.0) |
Worst quartile | 155(24.1) | 49 (15.2) | 106 (32.9) |
Nagi score | |||
Rest quartiles | 455(70.6) | 260 (81.2) | 195 (61.5) |
Worst quartile | 182(29.4) | 60 (18.7) | 122 (38.5) |