Table 4 Regression estimates for the log ordinary least squares (OLS) model on primary care consultation costs of patients with COVID-19 at least 12 weeks after infection

Exposure status

 COVID-19 (Reference group)

  Long COVID diagnosis

1.43

1.34

1.52

< 0.001

  Symptoms of long COVID

1.44

1.41

1.48

< 0.001

Age (at index date)

 18–29 (Reference group)

  30–39

1.03

1.00

1.07

0.04

  40–49

1.05

1.02

1.09

< 0.001

  50–59

1.07

1.03

1.11

< 0.001

  60–69

1.15

1.10

1.20

< 0.001

  70–79

1.37

1.30

1.43

< 0.001

  ≥ 80

1.49

1.42

1.57

< 0.001

Sex

 Male (Reference group)

  Female

1.04

1.01

1.06

0.01

Ethnic group

 White (Reference group)

  Black

0.94

0.88

0.99

0.03

  Other

1.06

0.96

1.18

0.25

  Asian

1.00

0.97

1.03

0.97

  Mixed

0.99

0.93

1.05

0.64

  Ethnicity Missing

0.99

0.96

1.03

0.76

Socioeconomic status (IMD)

 1 (Least deprived) (Reference group)

  2

1.08

1.04

1.13

< 0.001

  3

1.07

1.02

1.11

< 0.001

  4

1.01

0.96

1.06

0.68

  5 (Most deprived)

1.05

1.01

1.10

0.01

  IMD Missing

1.00

0.94

1.06

0.92

Smoking status

 Never Smoked (Reference group)

  Ex-Smoker

1.01

0.98

1.04

0.65

  Current Smoker

1.00

0.96

1.03

0.83

  Smoker Missing

1.00

0.96

1.05

0.88

BMI categories

 Normal weight (Reference group)

  Underweight

1.02

0.95

1.11

0.55

  Overweight

0.98

0.95

1.01

0.20

  Obese

1.04

1.01

1.07

0.02

  BMI Missing

1.09

1.03

1.16

0.01

Charlson Comorbidity Index

1.01

1.01

1.02

< 0.001

GP consultations prior^b

1.03

1.03

1.04

< 0.001

Nurse consultations prior

1.01

1.01

1.02

< 0.001

Physiotherapist consultations prior

1.04

1.01

1.07

< 0.001

Weeks since index date

1.04

1.04

1.04

< 0.001