Table 5 Effects of interprofessional collaborations in elderly and/or polypathological patients

Aigner 2004 [51]

Number of visits to the emergency department per year

I = 1.3 C = 1.1

NS

Number of hospital admissions per year

I = 0.6 C = 0.5

NS

Completion of mandated progress visits and histories

I = 4.6 C = 4.5

NS

Number of acute visits per year

I = 3.0 C = 1.2

p < 0.0001

Average number of medications

I = 6.4 C = 6.2

NS

Boult 2008 [52]

Leff 2009 [53]

PACIC (Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care)

I = 17.4 C = 8.5; Adj. OR = 2.03 [1.22; 3.39]

p = 0.006

Hospital admissions

I = 0.75 C = 0.96 Adj.OR = 0.83 95%CI [0.64, 1.08]

NS

Emergency department visits

I = 0.36 C = 0.43 Adj. OR = 0.85 95%CI [0.62, 1.18]

NS

Primary care physician visits

I = 9.85 C = 10.13 Adj. OR = 1.00 95%CI [0.88, 1.14]

NS

Boult 2011 [54]

Hospital admissions

I = 0.57 C = 0.61 Adj.effect 0.85 [0.61–1.19]

NS

30-Day readmissions

I = 0.09 C = 0.16 Adj.effect 0.51 [0.23–1.15]

NS

Hospital days

I = 3.36 C = 3.90 Adj.effect 0.79 [0.53- 1.19]

NS

Skilled nursing facility admissions

I = 0.13 C = 0.23 Adj.effect 0.53 [0.31–0.89]

S

Skilled nursing facility days

I = 2.09 C = 4.09 Adj.effect 0.48 [0.28–0.84]

S

Emergency department visits

I = 0.37 C = 0.44 Adj.effect 0.83 [0.56–1.21]

NS

Primary care visits

I = 9.35 C = 8.59 Adj.effect 1.08 [0.90–1.29]

NS

Specialist visits

I = 0.63 C = 0.32 Adj.effect 0.93 [0.75–1.15]

NS

Boyd 2010 [55]

PACIC (Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care)

I = 3.14 C = 2.85 Adj. Effect = 0.20 [0.07, 0.33]

p = 0.002

Brown 2003 [56]

% People living independently at 18 months

I = 66% C = 62%

NS

Burns 2000 [57]

Death

I = 16.7% C = 27.9%

NS

Group difference

GHP (Health perception)

0.011

0.001

Clinic visits

0.877

0.019

Hospitalizations

0.177

NS

Katz ADL (functional status)

0.078

NS

IADL (functional status)

0.701

0.006

CES-D (quality of life)

0.010

0.003

MMS

0.212

0.025

Dolovich 2019 [58]

Goal attainment scaling

I = 57.79 C = 58.94 Adj. Effect -1.50 95% CI [− 6.51 to 3.50]

NS

Hogg 2009 [59]

Variation quality of care-chronic disease

I = 0.098 C = 0.008 Difference = 0.091 95%CI[0.037—0.144]

p = 0.0013

Variation quality of care-prevention

I = 0.126 C = -0.056 Difference = 0.181 95%CI[0.108—0.255]

p < 0.001

Lenaghan 2007 [60]

Total non-elective hospital admissions within 6 months

I = 21 C = 20

NS

Lin, 2014 [61]

Unfavourable control at baseline / C-I at 2 years

HbA1c

C-I = -0.3 Ad. Effect size =  − 0.88 95%CI [− 0.99—0.38]

NS

LDL-C

C-I = -9.1 Ad. Effect size =  − 0.93 95%CI [− 28.7- 10.5]

NS

SBP

C-I = -3.1 Ad. Effect size =  − 0.70 95%CI [− 11.9—5.7]

NS

Favourable control at baseline / C-I at 2 years

HbA1c

C-I = 0.27 Ad. Effect size =  − 1.26 95%CI [− 0.16—0.70]

NS

LDL-C

C-I = 3.7 Ad. Effect size = 0.73 95%CI [− 6.2 -13.6]

NS

SBP

C-I = 2.1 Ad. Effect size = 0.76 95%CI [− 3.4—7.7]

NS

Matzke 2018 [62]

Mean reduction:

HbA1c

I = 0.46 95%CI [0.33—0.58] C = 0.08 95%CI [–0.02—0.18]

p < 0.0001

SBP

I = 6,28 95%CI [4.88—7.68] C = 1,05 95%CI [–0.20—2.30]

p < 0.0001

DBP

I = 2,69 95%CI [1.99—3.39] C = 1,23 95%CI [0.51—1.94]

p = 0.0071

LDL-C

I = 3,72 95%CI [0.88—6.57] C = 4,15 95%CI [1.66—6.64]

NS

Chol-total

I = 5,08 95%CI [1.67—8.49] C = 5,34 /95%CI [2.43—8.25]

NS

Melis 2008 [63]

GARS-3 (Groningen Activity Restriction Scale-3)

OR = -2.2 95% CI [-4.2 to 0.3]

p < 0.05

MOS-20 MH (Mental Health of the Medical Outcome Study)

OR = 5.8 95% CI [0.1 to 11.4]

p < 0.05

Riverin 2017 [64]

Hospital readmission within 90 days after discharge

I = 136.3 C = 140.6 Ad. OR = 1.2 CI 95% [-2.1—4.5]

NS

Sellors 2003 [65]

Daily units of medication taken

I = 8.0 C = 7.9

NS

Sommers 2000 [66]

Medical service utilization:

Hospital admissions per patient

I = 0.18 C = -0.02 OR = 0.63 95% CI [0.41–0.96]

p = 0.03

Within 60 days readmissions

I = 5.4 C = -2.0 OR = 0.26 95% CI [0.08—0.84]

p = 0.03

Office visits

I = 0.5 C = -1.5 OR = 0.85

p = 0.003

Emergency department visit

I = -0.56 C = 1.2

NS

Home care visits

I = 2.6 C = 1.8

NS

Health status measures:

Social activities count

I = -0.3 C = 0.2 95% CI [0.02–1.0]

p = 0.04

Symptom scale

I = 1.0 C = -0.5 95% CI [-3.2—0.16]

p = 0.08

SF-36

I = 0.1 C = 0.0 95% CI [-0.27—0.02]

p = 0.08

HAQ /GDS/ Medication count / Nutrition checklist

NS

NS

Taplin 1998 [67]

Differences Study/ Surrounding / GHC population

Mammogram

Study group rate improved and faster

 < 0.01

Occult blood screening

Study group rate improved and faster

p < 0.017

Warfarin testing compliance

No improvement for study group

NS

Eye care compliance diabetes

No improvement for study group

NS

Van Lieshout 2018 [68]

Activity of daily living (ADL) measured with the Katz-6

Adj. Katz-6 score OR = 0.96 95%CI: [0.39–2.35]

NS

Wolff 2010 [69]

At 18 months:

Caregiver strain CSI score

I-C = -0.38 Adj.effect size = -0.08 95% CI [− 0.37—0.20]

NS

Depression CES-D score

I-C = 1.42 Adj. effect size = 0.23 95% CI [− 0.06—0.51]

NS

Quality of chronic care (PACIC- Aggregate quality)

I-C = 0.40 Adj. effect size = 0.47 95% CI [0.15—0.78]

p < 0.001

Productivity loss (WPAI:CG)

Regular activity

I-C =  − 0.05 Adj. effect size =  − 0.26 95% CI [− 0.74—0.22]

NS

Work productivity

I-C = 0.00 Adj. effect size = 0.01 95% CI [− 0.28—0.30]

NS