Table 2 Comparing outcome measurements between the intervention group and control group at follow-up periods

Body weight (kg)

 Intervention

79.7 ± 11.2

79.0 ± 11.5*

78.5 ± 11.7*

78.6 ± 11.7*

78.7 ± 12.0*

78.4 ± 12.0*

0.011

 Control

79.4 ± 11.0

79.0 ± 10.9

78.9 ± 10.6*

79.6 ± 11.2

79.7 ± 11.2

79.6 ± 11.3

0.347

 p-value^a

0.904

0.991

0.866

0.677

0.692

0.630

Body mass index (kg/m²)

 Intervention

32.4 ± 3.5

32.2 ± 3.5*

32.0 ± 3.6*

32.0 ± 3.6*

32.0 ± 3.8*

31.9 ± 3.8*

0.009

 Control

32.5 ± 3.3

32.4 ± 3.3

32.3 ± 3.3*

32.6 ± 3.5

32.6 ± 3.4

32.6 ± 3.5

0.354

 p-value^a

0.917

0.792

0.616

0.415

0.436

0.381

Waist circumference (cm)

 Intervention

100.1 ± 9.3

99.1 ± 10.0

99.1 ± 8.9

98.8 ± 8.3

100.6 ± 10.8

99.7 ± 11.5

0.802

 Control

101.2 ± 10.1

101.5 ± 8.3

99.4 ± 8.4*

101.1 ± 9.6

100.5 ± 9.2

100.6 ± 9.3

0.474

 p-value^a

0.598

0.234

0.843

0.203

0.976

0.700

Waist to height ratio

 Intervention

0.64 ± 0.06

0.63 ± 0.06

0.63 ± 0.06

0.63 ± 0.05

0.64 ± 0.06

0.64 ± 0.07

0.781

 Control

0.65 ± 0.06

0.65 ± 0.05

0.64 ± 0.05*

0.65 ± 0.06

0.64 ± 0.06

0.64 ± 0.06

0.470

 p-value^a

0.472

0.172

0.736

0.140

0.888

0.566

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 Intervention

131.6 ± 19.3

121.9 ± 16.0*

126.6 ± 19.5*

123.9 ± 17.9*

127.4 ± 20.3

126.8 ± 16.9

0.077

 Control

127.6 ± 15.8

123.5 ± 13.2*

126.4 ± 14.4

125.8 ± 13.0

125.0 ± 17.1

125.2 ± 15.6

0.291

 p-value^a

0.292

0.618

0.958

0.587

0.541

0.644

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 Intervention

84.5 ± 13.5

77.6 ± 12.8*

82.2 ± 15.9

80.6 ± 12.5*

84.3 ± 15.4

81.2 ± 11.2

0.191

 Control

79.9 ± 10.6

77.6 ± 8.1

79.4 ± 8.8

80.7 ± 8.5

80.1 ± 8.5

78.0 ± 10.1

0.423

 p-value^a

0.082

0.998

0.326

0.964

0.137

0.171