Table 1 Patient characteristics of patients according to vitamin B12 status (n = 592)
Characteristics | Total (n = 592) | Vitamin B12 levels | P – valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal (≥ 150 pmol/L) (n = 428) | Deficiency (< 150 pmol/L) (n = 164) | |||
Age | ||||
Age (years), mean (± SD) | 66.52 (± 10.82) | 66.72 (± 10.59) | 66.01 (± 11.42) | 0.476 |
Age groups, n (%) | ||||
< 60 years | 137 (23.14) | 92 (21.50) | 45 (27.44) | 0.249 |
60–79 years | 390 (65.88) | 290 (67.76) | 100 (60.98) | |
≥ 80 years | 65 (10.98) | 46 (10.75) | 19 (11.59) | |
Gender, n (%) | ||||
Men | 267 (45.10) | 188 (43.93) | 79 (48.17) | 0.358 |
Women | 325 (54.90) | 240 (56.07) | 85 (51.83) | |
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
Chinese | 454 (76.69) | 332 (77.57) | 122 (74.39) | 0.232 |
Malay | 42 (7.09) | 32 (7.48) | 10 (6.10) | |
Indian | 72 (12.16) | 45 (10.51) | 27 (16.46) | |
Eurasian & others | 24 (4.05) | 19 (4.44) | 5 (3.05) | |
Physical parameters, mean (± SD) | ||||
Height (m) | 1.595 (± 0.096) | 1.595 (± 0.093) | 1.595 (± 0.104) | 0.948 |
Weight (kg) | 65.69 (± 14.64) | 65.36 (± 14.40) | 66.52 (± 15.27) | 0.390 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.72 (± 4.76) | 25.60 (± 4.74) | 26.03 (± 4.83) | 0.326 |
Chronic Disease, n (%) | ||||
Duration of diabetes mellitus ≥ 10 years | 296 (50.00) | 201 (46.96) | 95 (57.93) | 0.022 |
Hypertension | 515 (86.99) | 374 (87.38) | 141 (85.98) | 0.683 |
Hyperlipidemia | 540 (91.22) | 389 (90.89) | 151 (92.07) | 0.747 |
Ischemic heart disease | 120 (20.27) | 86 (20.09) | 34 (20.73) | 0.909 |
Stroke | 73 (12.33) | 52 (12.15) | 21 (12.80) | 0.889 |
Cancer | 56 (9.46) | 40 (9.35) | 16 (9.76) | 0.876 |
Lifestyle, n (%) | ||||
Vegetarianism | 14 (2.36) | 2 (0.47) | 12 (7.32) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation, n (%) | ||||
Prescribed vitamin B12 supplementation | 188 (31.76) | 157 (36.68) | 31 (18.90) | < 0.001 |
Prescribed calcium supplementation | 221 (37.33) | 177 (41.36) | 44 (26.83) | 0.001 |
Medication, n (%) | ||||
Proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) or histamine 2 antagonist (H2A) use | 124 (20.95) | 91 (21.26) | 33 (20.12) | 0.822 |
Statin use | 499 (84.29) | 358 (83.64) | 141 (85.98) | 0.530 |
Fenofibrate use | 60 (10.14) | 39 (9.11) | 21 (12.80) | 0.223 |
Metformin use in preceding year | 438 (73.99) | 293 (68.46) | 145 (88.41) | < 0.001 |
Metformin 1-year cumulative dose (g/preceding year), mean (± SD) | 436.18 (± 378.75) | 350.73 (± 348.12) | 659.20 (± 365.28) | < 0.0001 |
Metformin daily dose (g/day), mean (± SD) | 1.25 (± 1.04) | 1.00 (± 0.96) | 1.90 (± 0.99) | < 0.0001 |
Sulphonylurea use | 291 (49.16) | 183 (42.76) | 108 (65.85) | < 0.001 |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors use | 29 (4.90) | 22 (5.14) | 7 (4.27) | 0.832 |
Acarbose (alpha-glucosidase inhibitor) use | 85 (14.36) | 41 (9.58) | 44 (26.83) | < 0.001 |
Insulin use | 57 (9.63) | 36 (8.41) | 21 (12.80) | 0.119 |
Laboratory Measurements, mean (± SD) | ||||
Vitamin B12 level (pmol/L) | 244.13 (± 150.22) | 296.30 (± 145.12) | 107.98 (± 29.32) | < 0.0001 |
Folate level, (nmol/L) | 24.59 (± 12.92) | 25.74 (± 12.84) | 21.58 (± 12.71) | < 0.001 |
Folate deficiency, n (%) | 132 (22.30) | 80 (18.69) | 52 (31.71) | 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.11 (1.08) | 7.03 (± 1.03) | 7.32 (± 1.17) | < 0.01 |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 82.14 (± 31.63) | 82.11 (± 32.25) | 82.23 (± 30.05) | 0.966 |
eGFR using the MDRD study equation (mL/min/1.73m2) | 77.61 (± 23.59) | 77.61 (± 23.69) | 78.48 (± 24.48) | 0.695 |
LDL cholesterol level (mmol/L) | 2.36 (0.65) | 2.40 (± 0.67) | 2.27 (± 0.60) | 0.034 |