Table 3 Multivariable Poisson regression (with robust variance) analysis of variables related to renal impairment

Gender (Ref: Male)

1

 Female

1.7

1.2–2.5

.002

Age (Ref: 65–69)

1

 70–74

1.4

.93–2.1

.115

 75–79

1.7

1.1–2.6

.020

  ≥ 80

2.4

1.6–3.5

< .001

Residency (Ref: Urban)

1

 Rural

1.2

.85–1.5

.418

Educational level (Ref: Diploma or higher)

1

 Primary education or less

1.1

.66–1.9

.696

 High school

.96

.52–1.8

.885

Income per month (Ref: More than 1200$)

1

 Less than 600$

1.8

.61–5.1

.298

 600$ -1200$

1.3

.46–3.9

.589

Marital status (Ref: Married)

1

 Unmarried

1.1

.80–1.5

.599

Hypertension (Ref: No)

 Yes

1.4

.80–2.5

.237

Stroke (Ref: No)

 Yes

1.6

1.1–2.3

.028

Polypharmacy (Ref: Less than 5)

 5–9

1.6

1.1–2.4

.028

 More than 10

2.7

1.7–4.3

< .001