Table 4 Nephrotoxic drugs, high sodium drugs and drugs to be handled with caution in renal impairment in the medication plan of patients with CKD

Patients with ≥ 1 prescribed nephrotoxic drug, n (%)

256 (93.8)

Number of prescribed nephrotoxic drugs per patient, median (IQR)

2 (1–3)

Total of prescribed nephrotoxic drugs, n (%)

599 (100.0)

 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blocker

193 (32.2)

 Diuretic drug

180 (30.1)

 Proton-pump inhibitor

163 (27.2)

 Allopurinol

48 (8.0)

 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

6 (1.0)

 Antibiotic/antiviral drug

5 (0.8)

 Other drugs

4 (0.7)

Patients with Triple Whammy combination, n (%)

2 (0.7)

Patients with ≥ 1 prescribed drug that contain high levels of sodium, n (%)

23 (8.4)

 Paracetamol (effervescent tablet)

11 (47.8)

 Calcium + vitamin D supplements (effervescent tablet)

10 (43.4)

 Other drugs

2 (8.8)

Drugs to be handled with caution, n (%)

27 (100.0)

 Because they can cause adverse effects in renal impairment

22 (81.5)

 Because there is no information of their use in renal impairment

5 (18.5)

Most involved drugs to be handled with caution, n (%)

27 (100.0)

 Calcifediol

8 (29.6)

 Calcium carbonate

5 (18.5)

 Other drugs

14 (51.9)