Table 5 Associations between the AR-PAID-5 and patients’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (N = 260)
Characteristics | n | The AR-PAID-5 score | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (±SD) | Median (IQR) | |||
Age (years) | ||||
 Less than 40 | 72 | 4.60 (±4.9) | 4.0 (0–7.0) | 0.000* |
 40–59 | 150 | 4.65 (±4.7) a | 4.0 (1.0–7.0) |  |
 60+ | 38 | 8.83 (±6.9) a | 6.0 (4.0–15.0) |  |
Gender | ||||
 Female | 149 | 6.33 (±5.6) | 5.0 (2.0–9.0) | 0.001* |
 Male | 111 | 4.41 (±5.2) | 3.0 (0–6.0) |  |
Duration of diabetes (years) | ||||
 Less than 5 | 97 | 4.20 (±4.4) | 3.0 (0–7.0) | 0.000* |
 5–10 years | 107 | 4.76 (±4.9) | 4.0 (1.0–6.0) |  |
 More than 10 | 56 | 8.48 (±6.6) a, b | 6.0 (3.5–14.0) |  |
Type of antidiabetic medications | ||||
 Oral hypoglycemics | 171 | 4.49 (±4.5) | 4.0 (1.0–7.0) | 0.001* |
 Insulin-containing regimens | 89 | 7.42 (±6.6) | 5.0 (2.0–11.0) |  |
Number of diabetes-related complications | ||||
 None | 100 | 3.38 (±4.1) | 2.0 (0–5.0) | 0.000* |
 Single | 70 | 5.08 (±4.7) a | 4.0 (2.0–8.0) |  |
 Two or more | 90 | 7.56 (±6.2) a | 6.0 (3.0–10.0) |  |
Other chronic comorbidities | ||||
 Obesity | 85 | 6.33 (±5.5) | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) | 0.019* |
 Hypertension | 54 | 8.85 (±7.2) | 6.0 (3.0–17.0) | 0.000* |
 Dyslipidemia | 21 | 10.43 (±7.6) | 11.0 (4.0–18.0) | 0.003* |
Glycemic control | ||||
 Good | 23 | 5.27 (±5.4) | 4.0 (1.0–8.0) | 0.768 |
 Poor | 237 | 5.52 (±4.7) | 4.5 (0–9.0) |  |
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | ||||
 No | 250 | 4.75 (±4.7) | 4 (1.0–7.0) | 0.000* |
 Yes | 10 | 14.40 (±6.5) | 18 (6.5–20.0) |  |
Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 ≥ 10) | ||||
 No | 241 | 5.19 (±5.2) | 4 (1.0–8.0) | 0.000* |
 Yes | 19 | 13.89 (±7.0) | 19 (7.0–20.0) |  |
Well-being (WHO-5 ≤ 50) | ||||
 Good | 215 | 5.13 (±5.20) | 4 (1.0–8.0) | 0.043* |
 Poor | 45 | 7.24 (±6.55) | 5 (2.0–10.0) |  |