Table 1 Characteristics of immigrants with and without a regular health care provider (n = 14,077)
n (%) | Has a regular health care provider | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes n (%) | No n (%) | |||
Independent variables | ||||
Primary exposure | ||||
Time since immigration | < 0.001 | |||
< 10 years | 3371 (23.9) | 2421 (20.4) | 950 (42.7) | |
≥ 10 years | 10,705 (76.1) | 9430 (79.6) | 1276 (57.3) | |
Predisposing factors | ||||
Sex | ||||
Male | 6883 (48.9) | 5568 (47.0) | 1315 (59.1) | < 0.001 |
Female | 7184 (51.1) | 6283 (53.0) | 911 (40.9) | |
Age | < 0.001 | |||
18–39 years | 4443 (31.6) | 3216 (27.1) | 1226 (55.1) | |
40–64 years | 6460 (45.9) | 5631 (47.5) | 828 (37.2) | |
65–79 years | 2549 (18.1) | 2407 (20.3) | 142 (6.4) | |
≥ 80 years | 625 (4.4) | 596 (5.0) | 29 (1.3) | |
Region of residencea | 0.106 | |||
Western Canada | 4577 (32.5) | 3896 (32.9) | 681 (30.6) | |
Central Canada | 9381 (66.6) | 7855 (66.3) | 1526 (68.6) | |
Atlantic Canada and Northern Territories | 119 (0.8) | 101 (0.8) | 18 (0.8) | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | |||
Single | 2443 (17.4) | 1687 (14.3) | 756 (34.0) | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 1925 (13.7) | 1673 (14.2) | 251 (11.3) | |
Married or common-law | 9650 (68.8) | 8434 (71.5) | 1216 (54.7) | |
Cultural/racial background | < 0.001 | |||
White | 4912 (35.3) | 4240 (36.2) | 672 (30.5) | |
Non-white | 9018 (64.7) | 7484 (63.8) | 1534 (69.5) | |
Sense of belonging to local community | < 0.001 | |||
Very weak | 1006 (7.6) | 790 (7.2) | 216 (9.9) | |
Somewhat weak | 3055 (23.1) | 2422 (21.9) | 632 (29.0) | |
Somewhat strong | 6390 (48.3) | 5432 (49.2) | 959 (44.0) | |
Very strong | 2774 (21.0) | 2403 (21.8) | 371 (17.0) | |
Enabling factors | ||||
Total household income | < 0.001 | |||
No income or less than $20,000 | 1036 (7.4) | 737 (6.2) | 298 (13.4) | |
$20,000–$39,999 | 2363 (16.8) | 1947 (16.4) | 416 (18.7) | |
$40,000–$59,999 | 2290 (16.3) | 1897 (16.0) | 393 (17.7) | |
$60,000–$79,999 | 2156 (15.3) | 1844 (15.6) | 312 (14.0) | |
$80,000 or more | 6227 (44.3) | 5422 (45.8) | 805 (36.2) | |
Education | < 0.001 | |||
Less than secondary school | 1342 (9.7) | 1215 (10.4) | 127 (5.8) | |
Secondary school | 2747 (19.9) | 2311 (19.9) | 436 (19.9) | |
Post-secondary | 9736 (70.4) | 8103 (69.7) | 1633 (74.3) | |
Knowledge of official languages | < 0.001 | |||
Not proficient in official languages | 590 (4.2) | 542 (4.6) | 48 (2.2) | |
Proficient in official languages | 13,479 (95.8) | 11,307 (95.4) | 2172 (97.8) | |
Insurance for prescription medications | < 0.001 | |||
No insurance | 3886 (27.9) | 3194 (27.1) | 691 (32.0) | |
Insurance | 10,045 (72.1) | 8573 (72.9) | 1472 (68.0) | |
Need factors | ||||
Perceived health | < 0.001 | |||
Poor | 474 (3.4) | 448 (3.8) | 25 (1.1) | |
Fair | 1189 (8.5) | 1067 (9.0) | 122 (5.5) | |
Good | 4458 (31.8) | 3855 (32.7) | 603 (27.1) | |
Very good | 4521 (32.2) | 3747 (31.8) | 773 (34.8) | |
Excellent | 3385 (24.1) | 2684 (22.7) | 701 (31.5) | |
Number of medical conditions | < 0.001 | |||
Zero | 5009 (35.6) | 3810 (32.1) | 1199 (53.9) | |
One | 3328 (23.6) | 2771 (23.4) | 558 (25.1) | |
Two | 1969 (14.0) | 1741 (14.7) | 228 (10.3) | |
Three or more | 3770 (26.8) | 3530 (29.8) | 241 (10.8) | |