Table 2 HK frequency – baseline characteristics and post-index outcomes
Transient n = 82,307 (52%) | Intermittent n = 72,382 (45%) | Persistent n = 5,150 (3%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age (years) | 57 ± 19 | 63 ± 16 | 68 ± 17 | < 0.0001 |
Age categories | < 0.0001 | |||
< 65 years | 64% | 48% | 40% | |
65–74 years | 16% | 24% | 20% | |
≥ 75 years | 20% | 28% | 40% | |
Sex (male) | 49% | 53% | 56% | < 0.0001 |
CCI | 3.1 ± 2.7 | 3.8 ± 2.8 | 4.3 ± 3.1 | < 0.0001a |
Mean baseline sK (mmol/L)b | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | < 0.0001 |
Traditional CV Risk Factors | ||||
Hypertension | 52% | 74% | 73% | < 0.0001 |
Hyperlipidaemia | 49% | 63% | 55% | < 0.0001 |
Diabetes | 23% | 43% | 43% | < 0.0001 |
Smoking | 24% | 29% | 27% | < 0.0001 |
Renal insufficiency | 10% | 23% | 30% | < 0.0001 |
BMI categories (kg/m2) | < 0.0001 | |||
< 25 | 31% | 27% | 32% | |
25–29.9 | 32% | 30% | 28% | |
≥ 30 | 37% | 43% | 40% | |
Maximum SBP (mm Hg) | 158 ± 82 | 168 ± 64 | 168 ± 49 | < 0.0001 |
EF (%) | 58 ± 13 | 57 ± 14 | 58 ± 13 | < 0.0001 |
Prior Diagnoses | ||||
ASCVD | 15% | 26% | 25% | < 0.0001 |
CAD | 5% | 10% | 9% | < 0.0001 |
MI | 3% | 5% | 4% | < 0.0001 |
Stroke | 1% | 2% | 2% | < 0.0001 |
TIA | 3% | 4% | 4% | < 0.0001 |
PVD | 0.7% | 1% | 1% | < 0.0001 |
Heart failure | 13% | 27% | 30% | < 0.0001 |
Atrial fibrillation | 10% | 17% | 19% | < 0.0001 |
Baseline Medications | ||||
Statin | 33% | 46% | 41% | < 0.0001 |
Other anti-diabetic | 6% | 13% | 14% | < 0.0001 |
Insulin | 17% | 32% | 33% | < 0.0001 |
Metformin | 13% | 22% | 23% | < 0.0001 |
Sulfonylurea | 7% | 16% | 18% | < 0.0001 |
NSAID | 61% | 65% | 59% | < 0.0001 |
ACEi | 30% | 47% | 48% | < 0.0001 |
ARB | 13% | 20% | 18% | < 0.0001 |
Aldosterone inhibitor | 25% | 39% | 37% | < 0.0001 |
Beta-blocker | 4% | 9% | 8% | < 0.0001 |
Diuretic | 33% | 52% | 50% | < 0.0001 |
CCB | 17% | 27% | 28% | < 0.0001 |
Furosemide | 17% | 32% | 34% | < 0.0001 |
Torsemide | 0.7% | 2% | 2% | < 0.0001 |
SPS | 0.1% | 0.7% | 1% | < 0.0001 |
Patiromer | 0% | 0% | 0% | – |
3-Year Post-Index Outcomes (n = 145,173) | ||||
n = 73,036 | n = 67,486 | n = 4,651 | ||
MACEc | 14.8% | 21.3% | 44.8% | < 0.0001 |
Death | 14.1% | 17.7% | 44.2% | < 0.0001 |
MI | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.04% | < 0.0001 |
Stroke | 0.6% | 1.2% | 0.5% | < 0.0001 |
HFH | 0.9% | 5% | 1.8% | < 0.0001 |
Multivariable Hazard Ratio (95% CI) for 3-Year MACEc | ||||
Persistent vs transient HK | 2.31 (2.20, 2.43), P < 0.0001 | |||
Intermittent vs transient HK | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05), P = 0.08 | |||
Post-Index Average Costs/Year | ||||
ED | ||||
Cost ± SD | $422 ± 4,221 | $620 ± 2,305 | $1,737 ± 37,846 | < 0.0001a |
Median (IQR) | 0 (0, 274) | 165 (0, 580) | 0 (0, 70) | |
1-year visit (primary diagnosis) | 0.01% | 0.3% | 0.7% | < 0.0001a |
Inpatient | ||||
Cost ± SD | $5,047 ± 51,691 | $16,478 ± 108,826 | $30,011 ± 245,519 | < 0.0001a |
Median (IQR) | 0 (0, 1347) | 2681 (0, 9661) | 0 (0, 1488) | |
1-year visit (primary diagnosis) | 0.004% | 0.3% | 0.9% | < 0.0001a |