Table 1 Overall population – baseline characteristics and post-index outcomes

Mean age (years)

43 ± 18

60 ± 18

 < 0.0001

Age categories

 < 0.0001

  < 65 years

86%

56%

  65–74 years

8%

20%

  ≥ 75 years

6%

24%

Sex (male)

41%

51%

 < 0.0001

CCI

1.7 ± 1.4

3.5 ± 2.8

 < 0.0001^a

Mean baseline sK (mmol/L)^b

4.07 ± 0.39

5.38 ± 0.48

 < 0.0001

Traditional CV Risk Factors

  Hypertension

20%

63%

 < 0.0001

  Hyperlipidaemia

17%

55%

 < 0.0001

  Diabetes

7%

33%

 < 0.0001

  Smoking

13%

26%

 < 0.0001

  Renal insufficiency

0.7%

16%

 < 0.0001

  BMI, kg/m², n = 662,888

28.4 ± 7.4

29.7 ± 8.1

 < 0.0001

  BMI categories (kg/m²)

 < 0.0001

    < 25

36%

29%

    25–29.9

31%

31%

    ≥ 30

33%

40%

  Maximum SBP

(mm Hg)

139.2 ± 71.6

162.8 ± 73.7

 < 0.0001

  EF (%)

60.9 ± 10.2

58.0 ± 12.9

 < 0.0001

Prior Diagnoses

  ASCVD

4%

21%

 < 0.0001

  CAD

1%

7%

 < 0.0001

  MI

0.6%

4%

 < 0.0001

  Stroke

0.3%

2%

 < 0.0001

  TIA

0.7%

4%

 < 0.0001

  PVD

0.1%

1%

 < 0.0001

  Heart failure

2%

20%

 < 0.0001

  Atrial fibrillation

2%

14%

 < 0.0001

Baseline Medications

  Statin

7%

39%

 < 0.0001

  Other anti-diabetic

1%

10%

 < 0.0001

  Insulin

2%

24%

 < 0.0001

  Metformin

3%

18%

 < 0.0001

  Sulfonylurea

1%

11%

 < 0.0001

  NSAID

39%

62%

 < 0.0001

  ACEi

8%

39%

 < 0.0001

  ARB

3%

16%

 < 0.0001

  Aldosterone inhibitor

0.6%

6%

 < 0.0001

  Beta-blocker

6%

32%

 < 0.0001

  Diuretic

9%

42%

 < 0.0001

  CCB

4%

22%

 < 0.0001

  Furosemide

3%

24%

 < 0.0001

  Torsemide

0.1%

1.2%

 < 0.0001

  SPS

0.04%

0.4%

 < 0.0001

  Patiromer

0%

0%

–

3-Year Post-Index Outcomes (n = 1,128,582)

n = 983,409

n = 145,173

  MACE^c

3.2%

18.8%

 < 0.0001

  Death

2.9%

16.7%

 < 0.0001

  MI

0.05%

0.2%

 < 0.0001

  Stroke

0.2%

0.9%

 < 0.0001

  HFH

0.2%

2.8%

 < 0.0001

Multivariable Hazard Ratio (95% CI) for 3-Year MACE^c

  No-HK vs HK

1.60 (1.57, 1.63), P < 0.0001

Post-Index Average Costs/Year (n = 1,208,815)

  ED

 < 0.0001^a

    Cost ± SD

$207 ± 1,930

$552 ± 7,574

    Median (IQR)

11 (0, 187)

56 (0, 408)

  Inpatient

 < 0.0001^a

    Cost ± SD

$1,477 ± 21,423

$10,956 ± 93,026

    Median (IQR)

0 (0, 740)

0 (0, 4585)

Age ≥ 60 years Post-Index Average Costs/Year (n = 290,972)

  ED

 < 0.0001^a

    Cost ± SD

$222 ± 2,747

$561 ± 7,098

    Median (IQR)

18 (0, 219)

72 (0, 444)

  Inpatient

 < 0.0001^a

    Cost ± SD

$3,765 ± 35,137

$13,844 ± 109,257

    Median (IQR)

0 (0, 2307)

1,277 (0, 6678)