Fig. 2

Health Empowerment Instruments Reviewed11 (PAM-13): Patient Activation Measure [55]; 12 (PEI): Patient Enablement Instrument [58]; 13 (heiQ): Health Education Impact Questionnaire [56]; 14 (EC-17): Effective Consumer Scale [59]; 15 (PE-LTCs): Patient Empowerment in Long-Term Conditions [61]; 16 (Barriers): Barriers to Self-Care in Multiple Long-Term Conditions [62]; 17 (CAM-3) Three scales for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [63]. Scale (a) S = Status (capturing status at a point in time). T = Transitional (capturing change over a period of time). Adaptability (b) S = Standardised (standard list of items) I = Individualised (respondents can select, identify or weight items). Dimensionality (c) P = Profile of scores. I = Index (single score). U = Utility (single preference-based score which can generate a QALY). Extent of psychometric testing (d) Extensive (Widespread validation in different populations/countries and/or > 1000 citations). Moderate (Independent validation and/or > 100 citations). Low (Validation by original authors and/or < 100 citations). Responsiveness (e) Unknown (responsiveness not known or tested). Low (responsiveness shown in at least one study). Moderate (Repeated evidence for responsiveness, including in primary care). High (responsiveness shown in primary care studies where other leading PROMs are not responsive)