Table 2 Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis between polypharmacy and healthcare services utilization outcomes (3-year follow-up)
HSU Outcome |  | No Polypharmacy (< 5) | Polypharmacy ( > = 5) | P-Value | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All-cause ED visits a | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Yes ( > = 2) | 49 (31.4%) | 138 (40.6%) | 0.050 | 187 (37.7%) | |
 No (< 2) | 107 (68.6%) | 202 (59.4%) |  | 309 (62.3%) | |
All-cause hospitalization a | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Yes ( > = 2) | 40 (25.6%) | 129 (37.9%) | 0.007* | 169 (34.1%) | |
 No (< 2) | 116 (74.4%) | 211 (62.1%) |  | 327 (65.9%) | |
ED visits for pneumonia a | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Yes ( > = 1) | 12 (7.7%) | 38 (11.2%) | 0.231 | 50 (10.1%) | |
 No (0) | 144 (92.3%) | 302 (88.8%) |  | 446 (89.9%) | |
Hospitalization for pneumonia a | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Yes ( > = 1) | 12 (7.7%) | 37 (10.9%) | 0.269 | 49 (9.9%) | |
 No (0) | 144 (92.3%) | 303 (89.1%) |  | 447 (90.1%) | |
Mortality a | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Yes | 28 (17.9%) | 69 (20.4%) | 0.653 | 97 (19.6%) | |
 No | 128 (82.1%) | 270 (79.6%) |  | 398 (80.4%) | |