Table 2 Logistic regression of B12 deficiency on potential determinants (n = 592)

Age group^a (Reference: < 60 years)

0.259 +

0.027

60–79 years

0.70 (0.46 – 1.08)

0.105

1.26 (0.77 – 2.07)

0.357

≥ 80 years

0.84 (0.44 – 1.61)

0.606

2.86 (1.31 – 6.25)

0.008

Vegetarian^a (Reference = non-vegetarian)

16.82 (3.72 – 76.00)

< 0.001

21.61 (4.47 – 104.44)

< 0.001

B12 supplementation (prescribed)^a

0.40 (0.26 – 0.62)

< 0.001

0.37 (0.22 – 0.61)

< 0.001

Metformin daily dose^a (g/day)

2.44 (2.00 – 2.97)

< 0.001

2.79 (2.22 – 3.49)

< 0.001

Folate deficiency^a

2.02 (1.34 – 3.04)

< 0.001

2.04 (1.27 – 3.28)

0.003

LDL cholesterol level^a (mmol/L)

0.73 (0.54 – 0.98)

0.031

Ethnicity^a (Reference: Chinese)

0.220 +

Malay

0.85 (0.41 – 1.78)

0.668

Indian

1.63 (0.97 – 2.75)

0.065

Others

0.72 (0.26 – 1.96)

0.516

Male gender^a (Reference = Female)

1.19 (0.83 – 1.70)

0.353

Duration of diabetes for ≥ 10 years^a

1.55 (1.08 – 2.24)

0.017

Calcium supplementation (prescribed)^a

0.52 (0.35 – 0.77)

< 0.001

PPI or H₂A use^a

0.93 (0.60 – 1.46)

0.760

Sulphonylurea use^a

2.58 (1.77 – 3.76)

< 0.001

Acarbose use^a

3.46 (2.16 – 5.55)

< 0.001

HbA1c^a (%)

1.26 (1.07 – 1.48)

< 0.01

Statin use

1.20 (0.72 – 2.00)

0.481

Fenofibrate use

1.46 (0.83 – 2.57)

0.192

Insulin use

1.60 (0.90 – 2.83

0.114

DPP4-inhibitor use

0.82 (0.34 – 1.97)

0.656

Creatinine (µmol/L)

1.00 (0.99 – 1.01)

0.966

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

1.00 (0.99 – 1.01)

0.694

Hypertension

0.89 (0.52 – 1.50)

0.651

Hyperlipidaemia

1.16 (0.60 – 2.24)

0.645

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

1.02 (0.98 – 1.06)

0.328