Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of study sample, stratified by recurrent sleep medication prescription. Percentages and numbers presented and full data available, unless otherwise indicated

From: Recurrent prescription of sleep medication among primary care patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study of real-world registry data

 

Recurrent sleep medication prescription

(n = 1,266)

No recurrent sleep medication prescription (n = 3,242)

Total

(n = 4,508)

P value

Age, mean (SD)

73.4 (11.8)

68.5 (11.7)

69.9 (11.9)

< 0.001

Sex

   

< 0.001

Females

53.9 (683)

42.6 (1,381)

45.8 (2,064)

 

Males

46.1 (583)

57.4 (1,861)

54.2 (2,444)

 

Sleep medication (percentage of ‘yes’ responses are presented)

    

Benzodiazepine-like medication

56.9 (720)

1.0 (33)

16.7 (753)

< 0.001

Melatonin

44.4 (562)

0.9 (28)

13.1 (590)

< 0.001

Mirtazapine

35.8 (453)

0.5 (17)

10.4 (470)

< 0.001

Temazepam

19.2 (243)

0.3 (11)

5.6 (254)

< 0.001

Nitrazepam

0.2 (3)

0 (0)

0.1 (3)

0.006

Doxylamine

0.5 (6)

0 (0)

0.1 (6)

< 0.001

Doxepin

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Trimipramine

5.4 (68)

0.1 (4)

1.6 (72)

< 0.001

Trazodone

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Number of sleep medications, median (IQR)

10.0 (4.0–25.0)

NA

  

Time in months between sleep medication prescriptions, median (IQR)

2.94 (1.19–6.17)

NA

  

Sleep apnea diagnosis

   

< 0.001

Yes

23.4 (296)

8.3 (268)

12.5 (564)

 

No

76.6 (970)

91.7 (2,974)

87.5 (3,944)

 

Non-apnea sleep disorder diagnosis

   

< 0.001

Yes

22.0 (278)

8.3 (270)

12.2 (548)

 

No

78.0 (988)

91.7 (2,972)

87.8 (3,960)

 

Body mass index, mean (SD)

29.3 (6.3)

30.0 (5.8)

29.8 (6.0)

< 0.001

Missing

n = 231

n = 784

n = 1,015

 

Depression diagnosis

   

< 0.001

Yes

20.1 (255)

7.2 (234)

10.8 (489)

 

No

79.9 (1,011)

92.8 (3,008)

89.2 (4,019)

 

Long-acting insulin

   

< 0.001

Yes

32.1 (406)

21.8 (707)

24.7 (1,113)

 

No

67.9 (860)

78.2 (2,535)

75.3 (3,395)

 

Antihypertensive medication of any kind

   

< 0.001

Yes

85.6 (1,084)

78.5 (2,544)

80.5 (3,628)

 

No

14.4 (182)

21,5 (698)

19.5 (880)

 

Lipid-lowering medication of any kind

   

0.219

Yes

67.9 (860)

66.0 (2,140)

66.5 (3,000)

 

No

32.1 (406)

34.0 (1,102)

33.5 (1,508)

 

Achieved HbA1c target (< 53 mmol/mol)

   

< 0.001

Yes

66.4 (841)

72.4 (2,348)

70.7 (3,189)

 

No

33.6 (425)

27.6 (894)

29.3 (1,319)

 

Achieved LDL target (< 2.5 mmol/l)

   

< 0.001

Yes

59.2 (750)

53.2 (1,724)

54.9 (2,474)

 

No

40.8 (516)

46.8 (1,518)

45.1 (2,034)

 

Achieved sBP target (< 135 mmHg)

   

0.398

Yes

44.7 (243)

47.0 (377)

46.1 (620)

 

No

55.3 (301)

53.0 (425)

53.9 (726)

 

Missing

n = 722

n = 2,440

n = 3,162

 
  1. HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin A1c
  2. LDL = low-density lipoprotein
  3. sBP = systolic blood pressure
  4. SD = standard deviation
  5. IQR = interquartile range
  6. NA = not applicable