Table 2 Disease and management characteristics
| Â | Frequency | No DRD | DRD | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (%) | 356 (100.0) | 294 (82.6) | 62 (17.4) | - | - |
Smoker | |||||
 Non-smoker | 280 (78.7) | 228 (81.4) | 52 (18.6) | 5.02 (1.18–21.36) | 0.029 |
 Ex-smoker | 30 (8.4) | 22 (73.3) | 8 (26.7) | 8.00 (1.56–40.91) | 0.013 |
 Current smoker | 46 (12.9) | 44 (95.7) | 2 (4.3) | 1 | - |
Exercise | |||||
 None/Irregular | 292 (82.0) | 240 (82.2) | 52 (17.8) | 1.17 (0.56–2.45) | 0.677 |
 Regular a | 64 (18.0) | 54 (84.4) | 10 (15.6) | 1 | - |
Clinical parameters and medical conditions | |||||
BMI, mean (kg/m2) | 28.1 (6.1) | 28 (6.1) | 29 (5.7) | - | 0.223 |
HbA1c, mean (%) | 9.5 (1.5) | 9.4 (1.5) | 9.7 (1.4) | - | 0.242 |
Duration of diabetes, mean (years) | 10.8 (7.2) | 10.9 (7.4) | 10.3 (6.1) | - | 0.511 |
Experience symptoms of low blood sugar in past 12Â months | |||||
 None | 266 (74.9) | 228 (85.7) | 38 (14.3) | 1 | - |
 At least once every few months | 89 (25.1) | 65 (73) | 24 (27) | 2.18 (1.22–3.90) | 0.008 |
Hypertension | |||||
 Yes | 318 (89.3) | 263 (82.7) | 55 (17.3) | 0.93 (0.39–2.21) | 0.863 |
 No | 38 (10.7) | 31 (81.6) | 7 (18.4) | 1 | - |
Dyslipidemia | |||||
 Yes | 343 (96.3) | 282 (82.2) | 61 (17.8) | 2.60 (0.33–20.34) | 0.364 |
 No | 13 (3.7) | 12 (92.3) | 1 (7.7) | 1 | - |
Nephropathy and/or Chronic kidney disease | Â | Â | |||
 Yes | 237 (66.6) | 188 (79.3) | 49 (20.7) | 2.13 (1.10–4.10) | 0.024 |
 No | 119 (33.4) | 106 (89.1) | 13 (10.9) | 1 | - |
Number of polyclinic doctors’ visits for DM in the past 12 months | 5.1 (1.7) | 5.1 (1.7) | 5.2 (1.6) | - | 0.756 |
Has a regular doctor for diabetes (i.e. ≥ 2 visits with the same doctor in the past 12 months | |||||
 Yes | 175 (49.2) | 146 (83.4) | 29 (16.6) | 1 | - |
 No | 181 (50.8) | 148 (81.8) | 33 (18.2) | 1.12 (0.65–1.94) | 0.680 |
Number of polyclinic nurses’ encounters related to DM within the past 12 months | 2 (1.7) | 2 (1.7) | 2 (1.8) | - | 0.817 |
Were there previous nurse encounters related to DM before the past 12Â months? | |||||
 Yes | 281 (78.9) | 231 (82.2) | 50 (17.8) | 1 | - |
 No | 75 (21.1) | 63 (84.0) | 12 (16.0) | 0.88 (0.44–1.75) | 0.716 |
Total number of ALL active regular medications | 6.5 (2.4) | 6.5 (2.4) | 6.4 (2.2) | - | 0.752 |
Total number of DM medications | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.8 (0.8) | - | 0.445 |
Number of comorbidities | 3.2 (1.2) | 3.2 (1.2) | 3.3 (0.9) | - | 0.840 |
Consulted dietician recently | |||||
 Yes (within 1 year) | 41 (11.5) | 32 (78.0) | 9 (22.0) | 1.39 (0.63–3.08) | 0.417 |
 No | 315 (88.5) | 262 (83.2) | 53 (16.8) | 1 | - |