Table 2 Rural–urban differences in parenting, family adjustment, and parenting efficacy

Parenting

 Parental consistency

1.10 ± 0.57

1.18 ± 0.61

1.05 ± 0.54

1.43

0.154

 Coercive parenting

1.06 ± 0.62

1.29 ± 0.52

0.92 ± 0.63

4.16

 < 0.001

 Positive encouragement

2.17 ± 0.67

2.01 ± 0.67

2.27 ± 0.65

-2.61

0.010

 Parent–child relationship

2.31 ± 0.63

2.12 ± .66

2.45 ± .57

-3.76

 < 0.001

Family adjustment

 Parental adjustment

0.94 ± 0.57

1.10 ± 0.60

0.83 ± 0.52

4.94

 < 0.001

 Family relationships

0.68 ± 0.59

0.81 ± 0.64

0.59 ± 0.55

3.79

 < 0.001

 Parental teamwork

0.88 ± 0.62

0.98 ± 0.62

0.83 ± 0.61

2.42

0.016

 Parenting efficacy

7.31 ± 1.71

7.06 ± 1.79

7.47 ± 1.64

-2.38

0.018