Table 1 Characteristics of the studies

Aragonès, et al. 2019, Spain [34]

RCT

To assess the effectiveness of a collaborative care program designed for the management of major depression and chronic musculoskeletal pain

urban primary care centers

I: 167

C: 161

major depression and chronic musculoskeletal pain

***** 100%

Chen, et al. 2010, USA [35]

Cohort study

To evaluate the impact of the Teamlet Model on care of patients with diabetes and/or hypertension in a primary care residency practice

family medicine teaching clinic

I: 146

C: 395

diabetes and/or hypertension

***** 100%

Coventry, et al. 2015, UK [36]

RCT

To test the effectiveness of an integrated collaborative care model for people with depression and long-term physical conditions

general practices

I: 191

C: 196

depression comorbid with diabetes or cardiovascular disease

**** 80%

Freund, et al. 2016, Germany [37]

RCT

To determine whether protocol-based care management delivered by medical assistants improves care in patients at high risk for future hospitalization in primary care

primary care practices

2076

patients with type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or chronic heart failure

**** 80%

Jan, et al. 2021, China [38]

Cohort study

To explore the impact of Taiwan’s Family Practice Integrated Care Project (FPICP) on hospitalization

clinics and community hospitals

I: 2,316,114

C: 3,021,263

COPD/asthma, diabetes and its complications, heart failure

**** 80%

Katon, et al. 2004, USA [39]

RCT

To determine whether enhancing quality of care for depression improves both depression and diabetes outcomes in patients with depression and diabetes

clinics

I: 164

C: 165

diabetes mellitus and major depression

***** 100%

Katon, et al. 2010, USA [40]

RCT

To determine whether coordinated care management of multiple conditions improves disease control in these patients

clinics

I: 106

C: 108

diabetes, coronary heart disease or both and co-existing depression

***** 100%

Lin, et al. 2012, USA [41]

RCT

To assess patient and physician behaviors (medication adherence, self-monitoring, and treatment adjustment) in achieving better outcomes for diabetes, coronary heart disease, and depression

clinics in Group Health Cooperative

I: 90

C: 91

multiple conditions, depression, and poorly controlled diabetes or coronary heart disease

***** 100%

Morgan, et al. 2013, Australia [42]

RCT

To determine the effectiveness of collaborative care in reducing depression in primary care patients with diabetes or heart disease using practice nurses as case managers

general practices

I: 206

C: 194

depression and type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease or both

** 40%

Petersen, et al. 2019, South Africa [43]

Cohort study

To evaluate a task shared integrated collaborative care package of care for chronic patients with co-existing depressive and AUD symptoms

primary care facilities

1310

Chronic patients with co-existing depressive and AUD symptoms

**** 80%

Petersen, et al. 2021, South Africa [44]

RCT

To test the hypothesis that the Program for Improving Mental health care (PRIME) collaborative model would be more effective than care as usual for patients with hypertension and comorbid depressive symptoms and would improve both depressive symptoms and blood pressure control

clinics

I: 441

C: 484

hypertension and depression

**** 80%

Salisbury, et al. 2018, UK [45]

RCT

To assess the effectiveness of a patient-centered, so-called 3D approach for patients with multimorbidity in improving their health-related quality of life

general practices

I: 797

C: 749

multimorbidity in general

**** 80%

Sharpe, et al. 2014, UK [46]

RCT

To compare the effectiveness of an integrated treatment program for major depression in patients with cancer with usual care

cancer centers, associated primary clinics

I: 253

C: 247

cancer and depression

***** 100%

Towfighi, et al. 2021, USA [47]

RCT

To determine if a chronic care model–based, community health worker, APC, and physician team intervention improves risk factor control after stroke in a safety-net setting

public safety-net healthcare system hospitals

I: 241

C: 246

ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, or intracerebral hemorrhage; and hypertension

***** 100%

Walker, et al. 2014, UK [48]

RCT

To assess the efficacy of an integrated treatment program for major depression in patients with lung cancer compared with usual care

cancer centers, associated clinics

I: 68

C:74

lung cancer and depression

***** 100%

Wolff, et al. 2021, USA [49]

Non-randomized trial

To assess the effect of integrated care on physical and mental health outcomes among low-income Latino participants on the US-Mexico border

clinics, community health centers, mental health organizations

I: 1559

C: 1396

diabetes, depression, hypertension or obesity

*** 60%

Wood, et al. 2008, USA [50]

RCT

To investigate whether a nurse-coordinated multidisciplinary, family-based preventive cardiology program could improve standards of preventive care in routine clinical practice

hospitals, general practices

I: 2778

C: 2627

CAD or were on treatment with antihypertensive or lipid-lowering drugs

*** 60%