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Table 3 Patients’ need for GP appointment GP and success in GP service utilisation at the outset of the COVID-19 outbreak, and remote care at least once (GP service utilisation) during the first wave of COVID-19. Bivariate associations with predisposing, enabling and need variables

From: The role of socio-demographic and health factors during COVID-19 in remote access to GP care in low-income neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional survey of GP patients

Total group (N = 213a)

Need for GP contact (n = 196b)

 

Consultation

(n = 88)b

 

Remote care (n = 133)b

 
 

Yes

 

Yes

 

Yes

 
 

Nb (%)

OR (95% CI)c

Nb (%)

OR (95% CI)c

Nb (%)

OR (95% CI)c

Gender

 Male

36 (43)

1.00

30 (86)

1.00

22 (39)

1.00

 Female

52 (46)

1.16 (0.65–2.04)

41 (77)

0.57 (0.18–1.79)

52 (68)

3.22 (1.57–6.59)**

Age

  < =49

37 (47)

1.00

27 (73)

1.00

32 (68)

1.00

 50+

51 (44)

0.86 (0.48–1.52)

44 (86)

2.33 (0.79–6.84)

42 (49)

0.46 (0.22–0.97)*

Educational level

 Medium-high

42 (44)

1.00

33 (79)

1.00

34 (60)

1.00

 Low

45 (46)

1.09 (0.62–1.92)

37 (82)

1.26 (0.44–3.65)

38 (51)

0.71 (0.36–1.44)

Migration background

 No

27 (42)

1.00

23 (82)

1.00

20 (49)

1.00

 Yes

60 (46)

1.16 (0.63–2.12)

47 (80)

0.85 (0.27–2.71)

53 (58)

1.46 (0.70–3.07)

Financial difficulties

 No

62 (41)

1.00

50 (81)

1.00

51 (53)

1.00

 Yes

26 (61)

2.20 (1.10–4.39)*

21 (81)

1.01 (0.32–3.22)

22 (63)

1.53 (0.69–3.37)

Health literacy

 High

38 (37)

1.00

31 (80)

1.00

36 (55)

1.00

 Low

49 (53)

1.88 (1.06–3.32)*

39 (81)

1.12 (0.39–3.24)

37 (55)

0.99 (0.50–1.97)

Attitude towards remote care option

 Positive

60 (44)

1.00

50 (82)

1.00

54 (57)

1.00

 Negative

28 (49)

1.26 (0.68–2.33)

21 (78)

0.77 (0.25–2.35)

20 (53)

0.82 (0.39–1.75)

Perceived barriers

 No

64 (43)

1.00

51 (80)

1.00

54 (52)

1.00

 Yes

24 (52)

1.47 (0.76–2.84)

20 (83)

1.28 (0.37–4.38)

20 (67)

1.82 (0.77–4.25)

Perceived health

 Very good or good

38 (33)

1.00

30 (79)

1.00

34 (51)

1.00

 Very poor to average

50 (61)

3.13 (1.73–5.64)**

41 (82)

1.22 (0.42–3.52)

40 (61)

1.49 (0.75–2.97)

Mental health

 Average-good

55 (39)

1.00

47 (86)

1.00

52 (58)

1.00

 Poor

32 (58)

2.15 (1.14–4.05)*

23 (72)

0.44 (0.15–1.28)

22 (52)

0.78 (0.37–1.64)

Chronic disease

 No

33 (34)

1.00

28 (85)

1.00

27 (50)

1.00

 Yes

53 (56)

2.49 (1.39–4.45)**

41 (77)

0.61 (0.19–1.92)

44 (58)

1.38 (0.68–2.77)

Concerns about COVID-19

 No

26 (33)

1.00

22 (88)

1.00

27 (52)

1.00

 Yes

62 (53)

2.30 (1.27–4.16)**

49 (78)

0.48 (0.12–1.83)

47 (58)

1.28 (0.64–2.58)

  1. ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05
  2. a total number of participants
  3. b n varies because of missing data
  4. c Unadjusted bivariate