Table 2 Factors associated with inappropriate use of antibiotics on bivariate analysis
Characteristic | Total, N (%) | Appropriate use, n (%) | Inappropriate use, n (%) | Chi-square test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preferred medication | Antibiotic can be used or substituted | Combined use of antibiotics | Incorrect spectrum of antibiotics | Unnecessary use | χ2 | P value | ||
Total | 137,284 | 12,991 (9.5) | 12,036 (8.8) | 3361 (2.4) | 3308 (2.4) | 105,588 (76.9) | ||
Physician-related factors | ||||||||
Sex | 256.80 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Female | 43,202 (31.5) | 4642 (10.7) | 3247 (7.5) | 1041 (2.4) | 887 (2.1) | 33,385 (77.3) | ||
Male | 94,082 (68.5) | 8349 (8.9) | 8789 (9.3) | 2320 (2.5) | 2421 (2.6) | 72,203 (76.7) | ||
Age group (years) | 523.01 | < 0.001 | ||||||
23–32 | 48,348 (35.2) | 5042 (10.4) | 4043 (8.4) | 1418 (2.9) | 1126 (2.3) | 36,719 (75.9) | ||
33–40 | 46,024 (33.5) | 4390 (9.5) | 3510 (7.6) | 930 (2.0) | 921 (2.0) | 36,273 (78.8) | ||
41–65 | 42,912 (31.3) | 3559 (8.3) | 4483 (10.4) | 1013 (2.4) | 1261 (2.9) | 32,596 (76.0) | ||
Professional title | 146.91 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Associate chief physician | 5601 (4.1) | 646 (11.5) | 535 (9.6) | 82 (1.5) | 163 (2.9) | 4175 (74.5) | ||
Attending physician | 16,559 (12.1) | 1496 (9.0) | 1284 (7.8) | 291 (1.8) | 353 (2.1) | 13,135 (79.3) | ||
Resident physician | 115,124 (83.9) | 10,849 (9.4) | 10,217 (8.9) | 2988 (2.6) | 2792 (2.4) | 88,278 (76.7) | ||
Education | 447.37 | < 0.001 | ||||||
College | 57,121 (41.6) | 5907 (10.3) | 4697 (8.2) | 1231 (2.2) | 1031 (1.8) | 44,255 (77.5) | ||
Junior college | 57,979 (42.2) | 5333 (9.2) | 5607 (9.7) | 1549 (2.7) | 1518 (2.6) | 43,972 (75.8) | ||
Technical secondary school | 22,184 (16.2) | 1751 (7.9) | 1732 (7.8) | 581 (2.6) | 759 (3.4) | 17,361 (78.3) | ||
Work duration (years) | 2466.86 | < 0.001 | ||||||
≤ 5 | 30,322 (22.1) | 3046 (10.0) | 2925 (9.6) | 1014 (3.3) | 961 (3.2) | 22,376 (73.8) | ||
6–10 | 50,214 (36.6) | 4906 (9.8) | 2966 (5.9) | 903 (1.8) | 602 (1.2) | 40,837 (81.3) | ||
11–20 | 22,207 (16.2) | 2225 (10.0) | 2181 (9.8) | 579 (2.6) | 592 (2.7) | 16,630 (74.9) | ||
21–30 | 21,077 (15.4) | 1782 (8.5) | 2338 (11.1) | 489 (2.3) | 864 (4.1) | 15,604 (74.0) | ||
31–39 | 10,364 (7.5) | 840 (8.1) | 1521 (14.7) | 354 (3.4) | 236 (2.3) | 7413 (71.5) | ||
≥ 40 | 3100 (2.3) | 192 (6.2) | 105 (3.4) | 22 (0.7) | 53 (1.7) | 2728 (88.0) | ||
Patient-related factors | ||||||||
Sex | 88.17 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Female | 63,023 (45.9) | 5659 (9.0) | 5399 (8.6) | 1439 (2.3) | 1379 (2.2) | 49,147 (78.0) | ||
Male | 74,261 (54.1) | 7332 (9.9) | 6637 (8.9) | 1922 (2.6) | 1929 (2.6) | 56,441 (76.0) | ||
Age group (years) | 475.07 | < 0.001 | ||||||
[0,1] | 8417 (6.1) | 445 (5.3) | 775 (9.2) | 251 (3.0) | 265 (3.1) | 6681 (79.4) | ||
(1,2] | 13,806 (10.1) | 989 (7.2) | 1143 (8.3) | 330 (2.4) | 359 (2.6) | 10,985 (79.6) | ||
(2,5] | 38,485 (28.0) | 3486 (9.1) | 3582 (9.3) | 875 (2.3) | 957 (2.5) | 29,585 (76.9) | ||
(5,11] | 46,863 (34.1) | 4894 (10.4) | 4257 (9.1) | 1142 (2.4) | 1014 (2.2) | 35,556 (75.9) | ||
(11,18] | 29,713 (21.6) | 3177 (10.7) | 2279 (7.7) | 763 (2.6) | 713 (2.4) | 22,781 (76.7) | ||
Quartera | 1312.36 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Q1 | 32,611 (23.8) | 3194 (9.8) | 3489 (10.7) | 1185 (3.6) | 1293 (4.0) | 23,450 (71.9) | ||
Q2 | 22,901 (16.7) | 2249 (9.8) | 1833 (8.0) | 510 (2.2) | 489 (2.1) | 17,820 (77.8) | ||
Q3 | 28,002 (20.4) | 3050 (10.9) | 2542 (9.1) | 614 (2.2) | 697 (2.5) | 21,099 (75.3) | ||
Q4 | 53,770 (39.2) | 4498 (8.4) | 4172 (7.8) | 1052 (2.0) | 829 (1.5) | 43,219 (80.4) | ||
Antibiotic route | 20,893.03 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Injection | 25,099 (18.3) | 1442 (5.7) | 3272 (13.0) | 2499 (10.0) | 2989 (11.9) | 14,897 (59.4) | ||
Oral | 112,185 (81.7) | 11,549 (10.3) | 8764 (7.8) | 862 (0.8) | 319 (0.3) | 90,691 (80.8) | ||
Insurance | 1006.17 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Fully out-of-pocket | 18,394 (13.4) | 1952(10.6) | 1982 (10.8) | 782 (4.3) | 860 (4.7) | 12,818 (69.7) | ||
New rural cooperative medical system | 118,890 (86.6) | 11,039 (9.3) | 10,054 (8.5) | 2579 (2.2) | 2448 (2.1) | 92,770 (78.0) | ||