Table 4 Poisson regression with robust error variance, with complex multimorbidity as an objective variable, and adjusted prevalence ratios

Age

 20–59 years

Ref

–

–

 60–79 years

1.887

0.001

1.304–2.731

 80 years or older

1.831

0.006

1.189–2.820

Sex

 Female

Ref

–

–

 Male

1.089

0.413

0.887–1.338

Marital status

 Married

Ref

–

–

 Single

0.618

0.216

0.288–1.325

 Divorced or widowed

1.198

0.119

0.955–1.502

Living situation

 Not living alone

Ref

–

–

 Living alone

1.136

0.306

0.890–1.449

Education

 Elementary school or junior high school

Ref

–

–

 High school

or junior high school under the old system

0.803

0.101

0.618–1.044

 Vocational school, junior college,

technical school, university, college,

graduate school, or other

0.819

0.277

0.571–1.174

Work status

 Working

Ref

–

–

 Not working

1.251

0.023

1.031–1.518

Public assistance

 Not receiving

Ref

–

–

 Receiving

0.630

0.077

0.378–1.051

Physical activity

 Exercising

Ref

–

–

 Not exercising

1.152

0.289

0.887–1.497

Smoking status

 Ex-smoker or never smoker

Ref

–

–

 Current smoker

1.043

0.796

0.757–1.438

Alcohol intake

 Not having hazardous drinking or more

Ref

–

–

 Having hazardous drinking or more

0.745

0.049

0.556–0.999