Table 3 Poisson regression with robust error variance, with multimorbidity as an objective variable, and adjusted prevalence ratios

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

aPR

P-value

95% CI

aPR

P-value

95% CI

aPR

P-value

95% CI

aPR

P-value

95% CI

Age

 20–59 years

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 60–79 years

1.253

0.001

1.097–1.431

1.273

 < 0.001

1.114–1.453

1.243

0.002

1.083–1.426

1.265

0.001

1.107–1.446

 80 years or older

1.346

 < 0.001

1.167–1.554

1.388

 < 0.001

1.208–1.595

1.342

 < 0.001

1.150–1.566

1.375

 < 0.001

1.189–1.590

Sex

 Female

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Male

1.067

0.159

0.975–1.169

1.048

0.312

0.957–1.149

1.054

0.264

0.961–1.157

1.051

0.284

0.959–1.152

Marital status

 Married

Ref

–

–

 Single

0.942

0.622

0.743–1.194

 Divorced or widowed

1.078

0.083

0.990–1.173

Living situation

 Not living alone

Ref

–

–

 Living alone

1.066

0.170

0.973–1.168

Education

 Elementary school or junior high school

Ref

–

–

 High school

or junior high school under the old system

0.963

0.506

0.861–1.077

 Vocational school, junior college,

technical school, university, college,

graduate school, or other

0.906

0.263

0.762–1.077

Work status

 Working

Ref

–

–

 Not working

1.053

0.215

0.970–1.143

Model 5

Model 6

Model 7

Model 8

aPR

P-value

95% CI

aPR

P-value

95% CI

aPR

P-value

95% CI

aPR

P-value

95% CI

Age

 20–59 years

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 60–79 years

1.274

 < 0.001

1.115–1.456

1.283

 < 0.001

1.123–1.466

1.257

0.001

1.098–1.439

1.295

 < 0.001

1.130–1.484

 80 years or older

1.404

 < 0.001

1.220–1.616

1.409

 < 0.001

1.227–1.619

1.375

 < 0.001

1.192–1.587

1.455

 < 0.001

1.252–1.692

Sex

 Female

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Male

1.054

0.265

0.961–1.155

1.056

0.234

0.965–1.156

1.061

0.202

0.968–1.163

1.007

0.902

0.906–1.119

Public assistance

 Not receiving

Ref

–

–

 Receiving

0.905

0.546

0.654–1.252

Physical activity

 Exercising

Ref

–

–

 Not exercising

1.092

0.199

0.955–1.248

Smoking status

 Ex-smoker or never smoker

Ref

–

–

 Current smoker

0.929

0.408

0.779–1.107

Alcohol intake

 Not having hazardous drinking or more

Ref

–

–

 Having hazardous drinking or more

1.105

0.118

0.975–1.253