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Table 2 Number of antibiotic prescriptions for high and low-empathy GPs

From: Profiles of GPs with high and low self-reported physician empathy—personal, professional, and antibiotic prescribing characteristics

 

High-empathy GPs (N = 39)

Low-empathy GPs  (N = 46)

Group difference measures

Antibiotic category:

Mean

[95% CI]

CV

[95% CI]

Mean

[95% CI]

CV

[95% CI]

VI

[95% CI]

Mean

[95% CI]

RanksumB

Penicillins:

 Extended spectrum JO1CA

108.77

[92.35;125.19]

0.48

[0.34;0.61]

136.87

[115.72;158.02]

0.50

[0.39;0.61]

0.79

[0.62;0.97]

-28.10

[-54.61; -1.59]

0.0249*

 Beta-lactamase sensitive J01CE

111.92

[95.78;128.07]

0.45

[0.33;0.56]

158.24

[127.15;189.33]

0.63

[0.50;0.76]

0.71

[0.53;0.88]

-46.32

[ -81.42:-11.22]

0.0364*

 Beta-lactamase resistant J01CF

32.95

[26.67; 39.22]

0.57

[0.36;0.78]

46.98

[38.75; 55.21]

0.56

[0.42;0.71]

0.70

[0.51;0.90]

-14.03

[-24.52; -3.54]

0.0019**

 Combinations with beta lactamase inhibitors J01CR

20.56

[14.41; 26.72]

0.96

[0.74;1.17]

24.37

[19.02;29.72]

0.72

[0.58;0.87]

0.84

[0.51;1.17]

-3.81

[-12.16; 4.55]

0.1503

 All penicillins: J01C

274.21

[237.76;310.65]

0.41

[0.30;0.52]

366.46

[310.21;422.71]

0.50

[0.39;0.61]

0.75

[0.59;0.91]

-92.25

[-159.53; -24.97]

0.0047**

Non-penicillin antibiotics:

 Tetrayclines J01A

15.77

[11.81; 19.73]

0.83

[0.60;1.06]

14.30

[10.26;18.35]

0.92

[0.62;1.22]

1.10

[0.67;1.53]

1.46

[-4.28; 7.21]

0.4933

 Cephalosporins J01D

0.13

[ -0.01; 0.27]

3.66

[1.37;5.94]

0.13

[0.02;0.24]

3.07

[1.11;5.03]

0.98

[-1.71;3.68]

-0.00

[-0.18; 0.17]

0.6553

 Sulfonamides J01E

42.64

[33.24; 52.04]

0.71

[0.57;0.86]

41.00

[31.67;50.33]

0.75

[0.59;0.91]

1.04

[0.68;1.40]

1.64

[-11.96; 15.24]

0.7843

 Macrolides J01F

63.26

[46.24; 80.27]

0.87

[0.57;1.16]

71.28

[51.55;91.02]

0.90

[0.68;1.13]

0.89

[0.53;1.25]

-8.03

[-34.59;18.54]

0.524

 Quinalones J01M

18.18

[12.08; 24.28]

1.10

[0.80;1.40]

22.0

[15.17;29.00]

0.97

[0.77;1.18]

0.82

[0.43;1.22]

-3.91

[-13.28; 5.46]

0.3021

 Other antibiotics J01X

13.87

[9.31;18.44]

1.07

[0.84;1.31]

13.74

[8.66;18.81]

1.15

[0.74;1.56]

1.01

[0.51;1.51]

0.13

[-6.71; 6.98]

0.846

 All other antibiotics

153.85

[120.77;186.93]

0.70

[0.50;0.90]

162.54

[126.53;198.55]

0.71

[0.57;0.86]

0.95

[0.64;1.25]

-8.69

[-58.83;1.43]

0.88

Antifungals, J02

36.95

[29.48;44.42]

0.66

[0.52;0.80]

38.04

[29.94;46.15]

0.68

[0.49;0.87]

0.97

[0.68;1.26]

-1.09

[-11.90; 9.71]

0.7871

Total all antibiotics:

427.97

[366.07;489.88]

0.46

[0.37;0.56]

528.78

[443.46;614.11]

0.52

[0.42;0.63]

0.81

[0.63;0.99]

-100.81

[-207.84; 6.201]

0.0643

 Narrow spectrum (N)

264.59

[223.92, 305.26]

0.49

[0.38;0.60]

331.07

[273.35;388.78]

0.57

[0.44;0.69]

0.80

[0.61;0.99]

-66.48

[-138.16; 5.21]

0.1078

 Broad spectrum (B)

163.38

[138.94, 187.82]

0.48

[0.37;0.56]

197.72

[167.08;228.36]

0.50

[0.41;0.64]

0.83

[0.64;1.01]

-34.33

[-73.89; 5.23]

0.0751

  1. † : High-empathy GPs (10th decile). ‡ : Low-empathy GPs (1st decile). CV: Coefficient of variation = (SD/Mean); Variation index (VI) = %ile>90 group† mean (= 39)/ %ile<10 group ‡ mean (= 46). B: The differences between the groups have been tested: The Mann-Whitney (ranksum) test was applied. *: p <0.05, **: p <0.01 ***: p <0.001. Furthermore, 95% CIs for the mean group differences have been estimated. All reported confidence intervals are based on bootstrapping (1000 reps) of the observations in the high and low empathy groups respectively. N: Narrow spectrum antibiotic was defined via the following ATC-codes: J01CE, J01CF, J01DB, J01DF, JO1EA, J01EB, J01FA, J01FF, J01XA, J01XC, J01XD, J01XE, J01XX. B: Broad spectrum antibiotics included: J01AA, J01CA, J01CR, J01DC, J01DD, J01DH, J01EE, J01GB, J01MA, J01MXB