Table 1 Characteristics of the study patients without diabetes and with diabetes

Women, n (%)

60(34)

92(49)

0.004

Age, years, mean (SD)

74(6)

74(7)

0.73

Education years, mean (SD)

9.8(3.3)

9.5(3.2)

0.42

Lives alone, n (%)

45(27)

51(30)

0.53

Smoking, n (%)

24(14)

12(6)

0.021

Alcohol use, AUDIT-C, mean (SD)

2.5(2.4)

1.9(2.0)

0.013

Moving without assistive aid, n (%)

147(88)

128(75)

0.003

Physical activity Kasari FIT index, mean (SD)

43.0(21.5)

31.3(20.9)

 < 0.001

Depressive symptoms, GDS-15, mean (SD)

2.1(2.4)

3.3(3.1)

 < 0.001

Health related quality of life, EQ-5D, mean (SD)

0.829(0.162)

0.757(0.164)

 < 0.001

Cognitive status, MMSE, mean (SD)

27.4(3.2)

27.0(3.3)

0.21

Functioning, IADL, mean (SD)

10.9(4.0)

10.8(4.6)

0.84

Good self-rated health, n (%)

97(58)

72(42)

0.004

Body mass index, kg/m², mean (SD)

27.6(5.0)

31.2(5.9)

 < 0.001

Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l, mean (SD)

6.15 (3.75)

7.78 (2.41)

 < 0.001

Glycated hemoglobin, mean (SD)

37.4 (3.5)

49.3 (13.6)

 < 0.001

Multimorbidity, Charlson Index (diabetes excluded), mean (SD)

0.4(0.8)

0.5(0.8)

0.21

Diseases

 Cardiovascular disease

118(67)

155(83)

 < 0.001

 Cerebrovascular disease

15(9)

13(7)

0.58

 Musculoskeletal diseases

64(36)

73(39)

0.60

 Astma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

17(10)

19(10)

0.87

 Neurological disease

3(2)

7(4)

0.34

 Cancer

14(8)

13(7)

0.72

 Mental illness

3(2)

8(4)

0.22

 Dementia

2(1)

8(4)

0.11