Table 1 Baseline characteristics of hypertensive patients with and without abnormal ABI
Characteristicsa | Normal ABI (n = 186) | ABI ≤ 0.9 (n = 16) | ABI > 1.4 (n = 41) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 68 ± 13 | 76.4 ± 10.9 | 68.2 ± 12.4 | 0.044 |
Male (%) | 48.4 | 50 | 34.1 | 0.241 |
Duration of hypertension (mo) | 160 ± 116 | 202.9 ± 112.4 | 119.9 ± 53.1 | 0.021 |
Body mass index, (kg/m2) | 30.4 ± 5.1 | 31.7 ± 3.6 | 31 ± 4.5 | 0.732 |
Waist-to-height ratio | 0.63 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.64 ± 0.07 | 0.180 |
Systolic blood pressure, (mmHg) | 136.5 ± 17 | 144.6 ± 18.7 | 126 ± 14.7 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.4 ± 9.7 | 75.9 ± 10.4 | 79.2 ± 8.9 | 0.166 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 108.5 ± 30 | 126 ± 42.4 | 110.3 ± 55.3 | 0.188 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.2 ± 38 | 173.4 ± 47.4 | 195.9 ± 31.4 | 0.108 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51 ± 14 | 40.6 ± 11.4 | 52.5 ± 13.6 | 0.012 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 105 ± 35 | 93.2 ± 38.4 | 115.2 ± 31.6 | 0.085 |
Log triglycerides (mg/dL) | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.18 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 0.152 |
Diabetes (%) | 39.2 | 75 | 39 | 0.019 |
Family history of CVDc (%) | 58.1 | 68.8 | 65.9 | 0.500 |
Family history of hypertension (%) | 78.5 | 75 | 87.8 | 0.357 |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 53.8 | 81.3 | 56.1 | 0.105 |
Education level (%) | 0.294 | |||
Primary school or below | 70.4 | 93.8 | 68.3 | |
Middle school | 22 | 6.3 | 26.8 | |
High school or university | 7.5 | 0 | 4.9 | |
Marital status (%) | 0.329 | |||
Married or cohabiting | 61.3 | 62.5 | 61 | |
Single or religious | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Divorced or widowed | 38.6 | 37.5 | 39 | |
Alcohol consumptionb (%) | 0.134 | |||
Low | 72.6 | 93.8 | 84.5 | |
Moderate | 22 | 0 | 12.2 | |
High | 5.4 | 6.3 | 2.4 | |
Low incomed (%) | 81.7 | 85.4 | 100 | 0.433 |
Nocturnal work (%) | 5.4 | 6.3 | 9.8 | 0.573 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 80 ± 20 | 61.2 ± 27.9 | 76.4 ± 20.6 | 0.002 |
Log Albuminuria/Proteinuria (mg/g) | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.126 |
HbA1C (%) | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 6 ± 1.3 | 0.008 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 3.5 ± 4.7 | 5 ± 6.6 | 4.2 ± 6.6 | 0.476 |
CVD excluding PAD (%) | 42.5 | 81.3 | 39 | 0.008 |
CKD (%) | 11.8 | 50 | 26.8 | < 0.001 |
Antihypertensive medication (%) | ||||
• ACEI/ARA II | 93.5 | 86.7 | 90.2 | 0.512 |
• Calcium antagonists | 29 | 56.3 | 24.4 | 0.051 |
• Beta-blockers | 19.9 | 33.3 | 14.6 | 0.229 |
• Vasodilators | 3.2 | 25 | 0 | < 0.001 |
• Diuretics | 48.4 | 66.7 | 56.1 | 0.301 |
Number of antihypertensive (median IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 3 (2–3) | 2 (1–2) | < 0.001 |
Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 55.4 | 81.3 | 43.9 | 0.039 |
Left ventricular hypertrophy (%) | 20 | 56.3 | 17.1 | 0.002 |
Hospitalization (%) | 24.7 | 62.5 | 19.5 | 0.002 |
Death (%) | 2.2 | 25.0 | 2.4 | < 0.001 |
Ideal cardiovascular health metrics % | 0.020 | |||
0–1 | 39.2 | 50 | 38.3 | |
2 | 34 | 25.0 | 17.1 | |
3 | 15.6 | 18.8 | 26.8 | |
4–5 | 11.3 | 6.3 | 9.8 | |