Table 2 Comparison between means of FBS, 2 hr. pp. BS, HbA1c, and DSMQ sum score before and after study and between 3 study groups

FBS¹ (mg/dl)

before

155.6 (62.9)

146.2 (50.5)

134.7 (41.3)

2

143

0.146⁶

after

160.6 ± ( 52)

131.6 ± (28)

122.4 ± (28)

13.6

143

<0.001

p-value⁵

0.220⁵

0.001

<0.001

difference

5 (27)

-14.6 (29)

-12.3 (22)

8

143

0.001

Effect size (Cohen's d)⁷

0.18

0.5

0.56

HbA1c² (%)

before

7.7(1)

8(1.6)

7.9(1)

1

143

0.381

after

7.9 ± (1.3)

7.7 (1.4)

7.4 (1)

2.1

143

0.12

P-value⁵

0.113

<0.001

<0.001

Difference

0.13 (0.6)

-0.36 (0.6)

-0.55 (0.45)

20

143

<0.001

Effect size (Cohen's d)⁷

0.2

0.6

1.2

2 hr pp BS³ (mg/dl)

before

209.2 (11.9)

209(10.2)

179.2(8.2)

2.9

143

0.056

after

209.3 (61.2)

172.8 (38)

160.6 (37)

13

143

<0.001

p-value⁵

0.770

<0.001

<0.001

Difference

2 (44)

-36.2 (47)

-18.5 (32.7)

8

143

<0.001

Effect size (Cohen's d)⁷

0.04

0.814.6

0.57

DSMQ sum score⁴

before

6.6 (1.2)

6.2(1.3)

6.6(1.3)

0.8

141

0.461

after

6.7 (1.1)

8 (0.9)

8.15 (0.7)

33.8

133

<0.001

P-value⁵

0.423

<0.001

<0.001

Difference

0.09(0.7)

1.7 (0.9)

1.4 (1)

43.8

132

<0.001

Effect size (Cohen's d)⁷

0.13

2.0

1.4