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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Experiences of treatment-resistant mental health conditions in primary care: a systematic review and thematic synthesis

Author/s (Years)

Region, Country

Condition/s

Definition of Treatment-Resistance

Context

Data Collection Method

Participants

Demographics

Analysis Method

Buss, N. (2004) [55]

Southern Denmark

Depression/ Depressive Episode

Antidepressant prescription/ Depression Diagnosis/ Depression Inventory

Adherence to Antidepressants Primary Care

Longitudinal, Four Interviews

16

Age Range 29–38, Mean 50

10 Females, 6 Males

Thematic

Finucane, A. et al. (2006) [59]

Ayrshire, Scotland, UK

Recurrent Depression or Recurrent Depression and Anxiety

Depression Inventory, Current History of Recurrent Depression

Mindfulness, Primary Care

Interviews

13

Age Range 29–38, Mean 43

10 Females, 3 Males

Framework with Thematic Matrixes

Hansen, MC. et al. (2012) [52]

Los Angeles, California, USA

Diabetes, Major Depression

Depression Inventory

Pathways to Care

Interviews, Focus Groups

14 Interviews, 19 Participants in Focus Groups

All Spanish Speaking Latinos

Mean Age 57

16 Females, 3 Males

12 Health Insurance, 7 No Insurance

18 Mexicans, 1 Peruvian

Grounded Theory

Ho, S. et al. (2017) [56]

Malaysia

Major Depression

Major Depression, Diagnosis, Depression Inventory, Taking Any Class of Oral Antidepressants > 6 Months

Outpatients from Psychiatric Hospital Barriers and Facilitators of Medication Adherence

Interviews

30

Age Range 27–59, Mean 45.2

15 Females, 15 Males

10 Malay, 10 Chinese, 10 Indian

Hypertension 7, Diabetes 2, Asthma 3, Cardiovascular Disease 3, Other 4

Thematic

Johnston, O. et al. (2007) [60]

Southhampton, UK

Depression (including recurrent and persistent)

Self-Description

General Practice

Interviews

61

Age Range 18–83

44 Females, 17 Males

58 White, 1 Black Caribbean, 1 Pakistani, 1 Chinese

34 Paid Employment, 27 Unemployed

Grounded Theory

Kadam, UT. et al. (2001) [53]

UK

Anxiety, Depression

Depression Inventory

Views of Anxiety and Depression

Interviews, Focus Groups

27

Age Range 31–69, Mean 53

18 Females, 9 Males

Grounded Theory

Kessler, D. et al. (2018) [54]

UK

Treatment-Resistant Depression

Depression Inventory, Depression For > 6 Weeks and Taking Antidepressants

Medication Adherence

Interviews, Focus Groups

23

Age Raneg 27–76

15 Females, 8 Males

Thematic

Nicolaidis, C. et al. (2010) [57]

Portland, Oregon, USA

Major Depression

Depression Inventory

Racial Inequity in relation to healthcare

Focus Groups, Participatory Action

30

All African or African American

All Women

Age Range 19–53

Mean 36.2

All Low Income (67% Earn Less Than $16 k)

Medicare 37%, No Insurance 40%

Thematic

Nussbaumer-Streit, B. et al., (2018) [58]

Vienna, Austria

Seasonal Effective Disorder

History of Seasonal Effective Disorder.

Prevention of Seasonal Depression

Interviews

10

Age Range 20–60

4 Females, 6 Males

Thematic

Reynolds, K. et al. (2020) [61]

Canada

Persistent Moderate to Severe Depression

Pursuing Outpatient Psychological Treatment at Tertiary Clinic.

Barriers to Care

Interviews

15

Age Range 61–86, Mean 72

11 Females, 4 Males

Narrative

Wiles, N. et al. (2018) [14]

Bristol, Exeter, Glasgow UK

Anxiety, Treatment-Resistant Depression

Depression Inventory

Taking Antidepressants at An Adequate Dose for > 6 Weeks

Primary Care

Interviews

14

Age Range 18–75, Mean 45

10 Females, 4 Males

14 Secondary Diagnosis of Anxiety

> GCSE, 8 < A Levels

6 Paid Employment, 8 Not in Paid Employment

8 Homeowner, 6 Non-Homeowner

Thematic Framework Analysis