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Table 2 Patient, provider, and site characteristics of any virtual care or video-based care use at the VA Greater Los Angeles PC Clinics

From: Examining telehealth use among primary care patients, providers, and clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic

Adjusted %a [non-reference vs. reference (ref) difference in % any virtual care or video-based care (95% Confidence Interval) and p-value]

Study Covariates

Any Virtual Care

p-value

Video-Based Care

p-value

Age & Sex Interaction:

 18–44 & Female (ref)

40.6% (N/A)

NA

20.2% (N/A)

NA

 18–44 & Male

34.4% (−7.1, −5.2%)

<.001

15.3% (−6.0, −3.8%)

<.001

 45–54 & Female (ref)

38.7% (N/A)

NA

17.2% (N/A)

NA

 45–54 & Male

34.6% (−5.1, −3.2%)

<.001

10.6% (−7.6, − 5.6%)

<.001

 65–74 & Female (ref)

37.8% N/A

NA

13.7% (N/A)

NA

 65–74 & Male

34.9% (−4.5, −1.2%)

<.001

8.5% (−7.0, −3.5%)

<.001

 75+ & Female (ref)

36.1% (N/A)

NA

7.2% (N/A)

NA

 75+ & Male

35.4% (−3.1, 1.7%)

.555

7.0% (−2.0, 1.7%)

.854

Race/Ethnicity:

 Non-Hispanic White (ref)

35.3% (N/A)

NA

11.1% (N/A)

NA

 Non-Hispanic African American

36.3% (0.5, 1.4%)

<.001

9.7% (−1.8, −1.0%)

<.001

 Non-Hispanic All Other

34.7% (−1.3, 0.1%)

.100

11.5% (−0.3, 1.1%)

.300

 Hispanic

34.4% (−1.3, − 0.4%)

<.001

10.2% (− 1.3, − 0.4%)

<.001

 Unknown

34.6% (− 1.3, − 0.2%)

.011

10.2% (− 1.4, − 0.3%)

<.002

Marital Status:

 Not Married (ref)

35.0% (N/A)

 

9.6% (N/A)_

NA

 Married

35.9% (0.6, 1.3%)

<.001

12.1% (2.1, 2.8%)

<.001

Non-VA Health Insurance:

 No (ref)

34.8% (N/A)

NA

10.0% (N/A)

NA

 Yes

35.9% (0.7, 1.4%)

<.001

11.2% (0.9, 1.6%)

<.001

Health Risk Factors (Nosos)b:

 0.5 Nosos Value

35.1% (34.9, 35.3%)

<.001

11.3% (11.1, 11.5%)

<.001

 1.0 Nosos Value

35.2% (35.0, 35.4%)

<.001

10.8% (10.6, 11.0%)

<.001

 2.0 Nosos Value

35.4% (35.2, 35.6%)

<.001

9.8% (9.5, 10.0%)

<.001

PCClinician Type:

 MDs, PAs, NPs (ref)

34.0% (N/A)

NA

15.3% (N/A)

NA

 LVNs, Medical Assistant (MAs)

24.7% (−9.6, −8.9%)

<.001

0.2% (−15.4, −14.8%)

<.001

 Registered Nurse (RNs)

39.1% (4.8, 5.5%)

<.001

2.2% (−13.4, − 12.8%)

<.001

 SWs, Pharmacists, Dietitians

53.7% (19.1, 20.3%)

<.001

5.4% (− 10.3, − 9.5%)

<.001

 Mental Health Providers

41.3% (4.5, 10.0%)

<.001

43.3% (23.6, 32.4%)

<.001

Hospital-Based Clinic:

 No (e.g., community clinics) (ref)

37.7% (N/A)

NA

9.5% (N/A)

NA

 Yes

29.8% (−8.2, −7.5%)

<.001

13.1% (3.2, 4.0%)

<.001

  1. aIndividual-level interrupted time series analysis using segmented logistic regression on repeated monthly observations over 24-months (March 1, 2019 through March 1, 2021) adjusting for patient and provider level clustering; patient sociodemographic variables, health status; provider and site characteristics
  2. bThe association of the continuous Nosos score with telehealth (or video) use is expressed as the adjusted percentage of telehealth (or video) use obtained from a Nosos value of 2.0 (indicating comorbidities whose costs are likely to be two times as high as the national average, or “high-cost” users), and a Nosos value of 0.5 (indicating comorbidities whose costs are likely to be only half the national average, or “low-cost” users)