Table 1 Distribution of participant and healthcare characteristics, and their association with poor self-rated health status

Distribution of self-rated health status

Unadjusted Odds of poor SRH

Adjusted Odds of poor SRH

Characteristic

Total;

N = 962 (%)

Good SRH; n = 621 (%)^a

Poor SRH; n = 341 (%)^a

χ2

P-value

Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Adjusted Odds Ratio

95% CI)

Study site

 Blantyre

301 (31.3)

205 (68.1)

96 (31.9)

0.005

0.99 (0.71—1.37)

0.005

1.35 (0.86—2.11)

 Neno

303 (31.5)

173 (57.1)

130 (42.9)

1.59 (1.16—2.18)

1.61 (1.08—2.38)

 Thyolo

358 (37.2)

243 (67.9)

115 (32.1)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Sex

 Female

616 (64.0)

377 (61.2)

239(38.8)

0.004

1 (ref)

0.004

1.64 (1.21—2.23)

 Male

346 (36.0)

244(70.5)

102(29.5)

1.52 (1.14—2.01)

1 (ref)

Age

 18- 30 years

448 (46.6)

323 (72.1)

125 (27.9)

 < 0.001

1 (ref)

 < 0.001

1 (ref)

 31—45 years

342 (35.6)

212 (62.0)

130 (38.0)

1.58 (1.17—2.14)

1.4 (1.01—1.93)

  ≥ 46 years

128 (13.3)

86 (50.0)

86 (50.0)

2.58 (1.8—3.72)

2.2 (1.45—3.33)

Highest attained education

 None

108 (11.2)

44 (40.7)

64 (59.3)

 < 0.001

3.63 (2.32—5.69)

 < 0.001

2.51 (1.5—4.2)

  < 5 years primary

206 (21.4)

120 (58.3)

86 (41.8)

1.79 (1.25—2.57)

1.6 (1.06—2.42)

 5 – 8 years primary

302 (31.4)

210 (69.5)

92 (30.5)

1.09 (0.78—1.53)

1.07 (0.74—1.55)

 Secondary education or more

346 (36.0)

247 (71.4)

99 (28.6)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Employment

 Part-time or full time job

273 (28.4)

179 (65.6)

94 (34.4)

0.352

1.03 (0.75—1.43)

0.354

 Self-employed

395 (41.1)

262 (66.3)

133 (33.7)

1 (ref)

 Homemaker

294 (30.5)

180 (61.2)

114 (38.8)

1.25 (0.91—1.71)

Duration of facility affiliation

 6 months to 2 years

153 (15.9)

102 (66.7)

51 (33.3)

0.705

0.88 (0.61—1.27)

0.704

 2 – 4 years

107 (11.1)

72 (66.7)

36 (33.3)

0.88 (0.57—1.35)

  > 4 years

701 (73.0)

447 (63.7)

255 (36.2)

1 (ref)

Frequency of clinic visits in 2 years

 3–5 times

413 (42.9)

293(70.9)

120(29.1)

 < 0.001

1 (ref)

 < 0.001

1 (ref)

  > 5times

549 (57.1)

328 (59.7)

221(40.3)

1.65 (1.25—2.16)

1.57 (1.17—2.11)

Travel time to facility

  < 30 min

316 (32.8)

213 (67.41)

103 (32.59)

0.345

0.79 (0.58—1.08)

0.344

 30-60 min

247 (25.7)

160 (64.78)

87 (35.22)

0.89 (0.64—1.24)

  > 60 min

399 (42.5)

248 (62.16)

151 (37.84)

1 (ref)

Disabled

 No

850 (88.4)

566(66.6)

284(33.4)

 < 0.001

1 (ref)

 < 0.001

1 (ref)

 Yes

112 (11.6)

55(49.1)

57 (50.9)

2.07 (1.39—3.07)

2.14 (1.39—3.3)

Perceived quality of treatment received

 Poor

466 (48.4)

279 (59.9)

187 (40.1)

0.003

1.18 (1.01—1.37)

0.003

1.68 (1.26—2.26)

 good

496 (51.6)

342 (69.0)

154 (31.1)

0.99 (0.84—1.17)

1 (ref)

Type of health facility

 Primary care clinic

679 (70.6)

460 (67.8)

219 (32.3)

0.001

1.24 (1.05—1.45)

0.002

1 (ref)

 Hospitals offering primary care services

283 (29.4)

161 (56.9)

122 (43.1)

0.91 (0.8—1.04)

1.25 (0.78—1.99)

PCAT-MW dimensions

Total;

N = 962 (%)

Good SRH;

n = 621 (95%CI)

Poor SRH; n = 341 (95%CI)

T test

p-value

Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Adjusted Odds Ratio

(95% CI)

First-contact access

962 (100)

2.54 (2.47—2.61)

2.66 (2.56—2.75)

0.04

1.18 (1.01—1.37)

0.04

0.99 (0.81—1.22)

continuity-communication

962 (100)

3.47 (3.41—3.53)

3.46 (3.38—3.54)

0.884

0.99 (0.84—1.17)

0.884

continuity- relationship

962 (100)

1.88 (1.82—1.95)

1.78 (1.69—1.87)

0.086

0.87 (0.75—1.02)

0.086

0.82 (0.68—0.98)

comprehensiveness of services available

962 (100)

2.23 (2.17—2.30)

2.38 (2.30—2.47)

0.009

1.24 (1.05—1.45)

0.009

1.12 (0.87—1.43)

comprehensiveness of services provided

962 (100)

2.56 (2.48—2.64)

2.47 (2.36—2.58)

0.172

0.91 (0.8—1.04)

0.172

community orientation

962 (100)

2.90 (2.82—2.97)

2.87 (2.77—2.97)

0.641

0.97 (0.84—1.11)

0.641

coordination of care

962 (100)

1.95 (1.74—2.15)

2.22(1.90—2.53)

0.146

1.16 (0.95—1.41)

0.146