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Table 3 Characteristics and mean medical consultations in previous year for immigrants, (n = 13,912)

From: Utilization of healthcare by immigrants in Canada: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey

 

n (%)

Number of consultations

p-value

Mean (SD)

Primary exposure

 Time since immigration

  

< 0.001

   < 10 years

3340 (24.0)

2.97 (4.45)

 

   ≥ 10 years

10,572 (76.0)

3.50 (4.54)

 

Predisposing factors

 Sex

  

< 0.001

  Male

6836 (49.1)

2.99 (4.37)

 

  Female

7077 (50.9)

3.75 (4.64)

 

 Age

  

< 0.001

  18–39 years

4414 (31.7)

2.76 (4.29)

 

  40–64 years

6401 (46.0)

3.39 (4.64)

 

  65–79 years

2497 (17.9)

4.04 (4.38)

 

   ≥ 80 years

600 (4.3)

4.92 (4.92

 

 Region of residencea

  

< 0.001

  Western Canada

4545 (32.7)

3.70 (4.81)

 

  Central Canada

9249 (66.5)

3.21 (4.37)

 

  Atlantic Canada and Northern Territories

119 (0.9)

4.19 (4.73)

 

 Marital status

  

< 0.001

  Single

2430 (17.5)

2.77 (4.36)

 

  Widowed/divorced/separated

1881 (13.6)

4.02 (4.97)

 

  Married or common-law

9542 (68.9)

3.41 (4.47)

 

 Cultural/racial background

  

< 0.001

  White

4831 (35.1)

3.57 (4.60)

 

  Non-white

8940 (64.9)

3.28 (4.49)

 

 Sense of belonging to local community

  

0.029

  Very weak

994 (7.6)

3.60 (4.88)

 

  Somewhat weak

3042 (23.2)

3.33 (4.79)

 

  Somewhat strong

6329 (48.3)

3.18 (4.16)

 

  Very strong

2746 (20.9)

3.31 (4.42)

 

Enabling factors

   

 Total household income

  

< 0.001

  No income or less than $20,000

1024 (7.4)

3.96 (5.63)

 

  $20,000–$39,999

2322 (16.7)

3.63 (4.89)

 

  $40,000–$59,999

2249 (16.2)

3.30 (4.33)

 

  $60,000–$79,999

2128 (15.3)

3.30 (4.55)

 

  $80,000 or more

6185 (44.5)

3.24 (4.22)

 

 Education

  

< 0.001

  Less than secondary school

1305 (9.5)

4.04 (4.72)

 

  Secondary school

2702 (19.8)

3.50 (4.96)

 

  Post-secondary

9660 (70.7)

3.24 (4.36)

 

 Knowledge of official languages

  

< 0.001

  Not proficient in official languages

563 (4.0)

4.15 (4.11)

 

  Proficient in official languages

13,342 (96.0)

3.34 (4.54)

 

 Insurance for prescription medications

  

0.002

  No insurance

3880 (27.8)

3.20 (4.52)

 

  Insurance

9938 (72.2)

3.47 (4.55)

 

 Has a regular health care provider

  

< 0.001

  No regular health care provider

2221 (16.0)

1.51 (3.38)

 

  Has a regular health care provider

11,659 (84.0)

3.73 (4.63)

 

Need factors

   

 Perceived health

  

< 0.001

  Poor

440 (3.2)

9.24 (8.21)

 

  Fair

1165 (8.4)

5.74 (6.06)

 

  Good

4412 (31.8)

3.58 (4.40)

 

  Very good

4479 (32.3)

2.77 (3.56)

 

  Excellent

3368 (24.3)

2.30 (3.54)

 

 Number of medical conditions

  

< 0.001

  Zero

4972 (35.7)

2.02 (3.27)

 

  One

3314 (23.8)

2.93 (3.81)

 

  Two

1939 (13.9)

3.61 (4.58)

 

  Three or more

3687 (26.5)

5.48 (5.63)

 
  1. aWestern Canada includes British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Central Canada includes Ontario and Quebec, Atlantic and North includes remaining provinces and territories