n (%) | Number of consultations | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | |||
Primary exposure | |||
Time since immigration | < 0.001 | ||
< 10 years | 3340 (24.0) | 2.97 (4.45) | |
≥ 10 years | 10,572 (76.0) | 3.50 (4.54) | |
Predisposing factors | |||
Sex | < 0.001 | ||
Male | 6836 (49.1) | 2.99 (4.37) | |
Female | 7077 (50.9) | 3.75 (4.64) | |
Age | < 0.001 | ||
18–39 years | 4414 (31.7) | 2.76 (4.29) | |
40–64 years | 6401 (46.0) | 3.39 (4.64) | |
65–79 years | 2497 (17.9) | 4.04 (4.38) | |
≥ 80 years | 600 (4.3) | 4.92 (4.92 | |
Region of residencea | < 0.001 | ||
Western Canada | 4545 (32.7) | 3.70 (4.81) | |
Central Canada | 9249 (66.5) | 3.21 (4.37) | |
Atlantic Canada and Northern Territories | 119 (0.9) | 4.19 (4.73) | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | ||
Single | 2430 (17.5) | 2.77 (4.36) | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 1881 (13.6) | 4.02 (4.97) | |
Married or common-law | 9542 (68.9) | 3.41 (4.47) | |
Cultural/racial background | < 0.001 | ||
White | 4831 (35.1) | 3.57 (4.60) | |
Non-white | 8940 (64.9) | 3.28 (4.49) | |
Sense of belonging to local community | 0.029 | ||
Very weak | 994 (7.6) | 3.60 (4.88) | |
Somewhat weak | 3042 (23.2) | 3.33 (4.79) | |
Somewhat strong | 6329 (48.3) | 3.18 (4.16) | |
Very strong | 2746 (20.9) | 3.31 (4.42) | |
Enabling factors | |||
Total household income | < 0.001 | ||
No income or less than $20,000 | 1024 (7.4) | 3.96 (5.63) | |
$20,000–$39,999 | 2322 (16.7) | 3.63 (4.89) | |
$40,000–$59,999 | 2249 (16.2) | 3.30 (4.33) | |
$60,000–$79,999 | 2128 (15.3) | 3.30 (4.55) | |
$80,000 or more | 6185 (44.5) | 3.24 (4.22) | |
Education | < 0.001 | ||
Less than secondary school | 1305 (9.5) | 4.04 (4.72) | |
Secondary school | 2702 (19.8) | 3.50 (4.96) | |
Post-secondary | 9660 (70.7) | 3.24 (4.36) | |
Knowledge of official languages | < 0.001 | ||
Not proficient in official languages | 563 (4.0) | 4.15 (4.11) | |
Proficient in official languages | 13,342 (96.0) | 3.34 (4.54) | |
Insurance for prescription medications | 0.002 | ||
No insurance | 3880 (27.8) | 3.20 (4.52) | |
Insurance | 9938 (72.2) | 3.47 (4.55) | |
Has a regular health care provider | < 0.001 | ||
No regular health care provider | 2221 (16.0) | 1.51 (3.38) | |
Has a regular health care provider | 11,659 (84.0) | 3.73 (4.63) | |
Need factors | |||
Perceived health | < 0.001 | ||
Poor | 440 (3.2) | 9.24 (8.21) | |
Fair | 1165 (8.4) | 5.74 (6.06) | |
Good | 4412 (31.8) | 3.58 (4.40) | |
Very good | 4479 (32.3) | 2.77 (3.56) | |
Excellent | 3368 (24.3) | 2.30 (3.54) | |
Number of medical conditions | < 0.001 | ||
Zero | 4972 (35.7) | 2.02 (3.27) | |
One | 3314 (23.8) | 2.93 (3.81) | |
Two | 1939 (13.9) | 3.61 (4.58) | |
Three or more | 3687 (26.5) | 5.48 (5.63) |