Skip to main content

Table 3 HK severity – baseline characteristics and post-index outcomes

From: Real-world clinical burden and economic assessment associated with hyperkalaemia in a large integrated healthcare system: a retrospective analysis

 

Mild HK n = 131,509 (81%)

Moderate HK n = 25,380 (16%)

Severe HK

n = 4,960 (3%)

P-value

Mean age (years)

60 ± 18

60 ± 19

58 ± 19

 < 0.0001

Age categories

   

 < 0.0001

  < 65 years

56%

55%

59%

 

  65–74 years

20%

19%

18%

 

  ≥ 75 years

24%

26%

23%

 

Sex (male)

51%

50%

48%

 < 0.0001

CCI

3.2 ± 2.7

3.9 ± 2.9

4.1 ± 3.0

 < 0.0001a

Mean baseline sK (mmol/L)b

5.2 ± 0.1

5.8 ± 0.2

7.3 ± 1.1

 < 0.0001

Traditional CV Risk Factors

  Hypertension

62%

65%

65%

 < 0.0001

  Hyperlipidaemia

56%

51%

47%

 < 0.0001

  Diabetes

32%

36%

37%

 < 0.0001

  Smoking

25%

29%

33%

 < 0.0001

  Renal insufficiency

14%

24%

38%

 < 0.0001

  BMI categories (kg/m2)

   

 < 0.0001

    < 25

29%

31%

30%

 

    25–29.9

31%

29%

30%

 

    ≥ 30

40%

40%

40%

 

  Maximum SBP (mm Hg)

162 ± 77

166 ± 59

166 ± 52

 < 0.0001

  EF (%)

38 ± 13

57 ± 14

58 ± 13

 < 0.0001

Prior Diagnosis

  ASCVD

20%

22%

19%

 < 0.0001

  CAD

7%

8%

7%

 < 0.0001

  MI

3%

4%

3%

 < 0.0001

  Stroke

1%

2%

2%

 < 0.0001

  TIA

4%

4%

3%

0.001

  PVD

1%

1%

0.9%

 < 0.0001

  Heart failure

18%

24%

26%

 < 0.0001

  Atrial fibrillation

13%

16%

17%

 < 0.0001

Baseline Medications

  Statin

40%

37%

33%

 < 0.0001

  Other anti-diabetic

10%

10%

9%

0.55

  Insulin

23%

29%

31%

 < 0.0001

  Metformin

18%

17%

16%

0.01

  Sulfonylurea

11%

12%

10%

 < 0.0001

  NSAID

63%

61%

60%

 < 0.0001

  ACEi

38%

39%

36%

 < 0.0001

  ARB

16%

16%

15%

0.10

  Aldosterone inhibitor

6%

8%

9%

 < 0.0001

  Beta-blocker

31%

34%

32%

 < 0.0001

  Diuretic

41%

46%

45%

 < 0.0001

  CCB

21%

24%

23%

 < 0.0001

  Furosemide

23%

29%

30%

 < 0.0001

  Torsemide

1%

2%

1%

 < 0.0001

  SPS

0.3%

0.8%

0.8%

 < 0.0001

  Patiromer

0%

0%

0%

3-Year Post-Index Outcomes (n = 145,173)

 

n = 117,902

n = 22,879

n = 4392

 

  MACEc

17.2%

25.1%

27.9%

 < 0.0001

  Death

15.2%

22.7%

25.9%

 < 0.0001

  MI

0.2%

0.2%

0.2%

0.79

  Stroke

0.9%

1%

0.7%

0.06

  HFH

2.6%

3.6%

3.3%

 < 0.0001

Multivariable Hazard Ratio (95% CI) for 3-Year MACEc

  Moderate vs mild HK

1.29 (1.25, 1.33), P < 0.0001

  Severe vs mild HK

1.31 (1.23, 1.40), P < 0.0001

Post-Index Annualized Acute Care Trends

  ED

    

    Mean cost ± SD

$519 ± 7,819

$701 ± 6,936

$668 ± 2,100

 < 0.0001a

    Median (IQR)

54 (0, 391)

67 (0, 477)

68 (0, 554)

 

    1-year visit (primary diagnosis)

0.1%

0.4%

0.7%

 < 0.0001a

  Inpatient

    

    Mean cost ± SD

$9,626 ± 73,418

$16,328 ± 155,262

$18,743 ± 125,932

 < 0.0001a

    Median (IQR)

0 (0, 4235)

0 (0, 6222)

788 (0, 7332)

 

    1-year visit (primary diagnosis)

0.1%

0.4%

1.1%

 < 0.0001a

  1. ACEi Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin-II receptor blockers, ASCVD Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, BMI Body mass index, CAD Coronary artery disease, CCB Calcium channel Blocker, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, CV Cardiovascular, ED Emergency department, EF Ejection fraction, HFH Heart failure hospitalization, HK Hyperkalaemia, IQR Interquartile range, MACE Major adverse CV event, MI Myocardial infarction, NSAID Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, PVD Peripheral vascular disease, SBP Systolic blood pressure, SD Standard deviation, sK Serum potassium, SPS Sodium polystyrene sulfonate, TIA Transient ischaemic attack
  2. Models adjusted by baseline characteristics, risk factors, and medications
  3. aThe non-parametric Mann–Whitney rank sum test was utilized to determine P-value
  4. bTaken within ± 1 month of index date (baseline sK level)
  5. cMACE is the composite of death, MI, stroke, and HFH