Mild HK n = 131,509 (81%) | Moderate HK n = 25,380 (16%) | Severe HK n = 4,960 (3%) | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age (years) | 60 ± 18 | 60 ± 19 | 58 ± 19 | < 0.0001 | |
Age categories | < 0.0001 | ||||
< 65 years | 56% | 55% | 59% | ||
65–74 years | 20% | 19% | 18% | ||
≥ 75 years | 24% | 26% | 23% | ||
Sex (male) | 51% | 50% | 48% | < 0.0001 | |
CCI | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 3.9 ± 2.9 | 4.1 ± 3.0 | < 0.0001a | |
Mean baseline sK (mmol/L)b | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | < 0.0001 | |
Traditional CV Risk Factors | |||||
Hypertension | 62% | 65% | 65% | < 0.0001 | |
Hyperlipidaemia | 56% | 51% | 47% | < 0.0001 | |
Diabetes | 32% | 36% | 37% | < 0.0001 | |
Smoking | 25% | 29% | 33% | < 0.0001 | |
Renal insufficiency | 14% | 24% | 38% | < 0.0001 | |
BMI categories (kg/m2) | < 0.0001 | ||||
< 25 | 29% | 31% | 30% | ||
25–29.9 | 31% | 29% | 30% | ||
≥ 30 | 40% | 40% | 40% | ||
Maximum SBP (mm Hg) | 162 ± 77 | 166 ± 59 | 166 ± 52 | < 0.0001 | |
EF (%) | 38 ± 13 | 57 ± 14 | 58 ± 13 | < 0.0001 | |
Prior Diagnosis | |||||
ASCVD | 20% | 22% | 19% | < 0.0001 | |
CAD | 7% | 8% | 7% | < 0.0001 | |
MI | 3% | 4% | 3% | < 0.0001 | |
Stroke | 1% | 2% | 2% | < 0.0001 | |
TIA | 4% | 4% | 3% | 0.001 | |
PVD | 1% | 1% | 0.9% | < 0.0001 | |
Heart failure | 18% | 24% | 26% | < 0.0001 | |
Atrial fibrillation | 13% | 16% | 17% | < 0.0001 | |
Baseline Medications | |||||
Statin | 40% | 37% | 33% | < 0.0001 | |
Other anti-diabetic | 10% | 10% | 9% | 0.55 | |
Insulin | 23% | 29% | 31% | < 0.0001 | |
Metformin | 18% | 17% | 16% | 0.01 | |
Sulfonylurea | 11% | 12% | 10% | < 0.0001 | |
NSAID | 63% | 61% | 60% | < 0.0001 | |
ACEi | 38% | 39% | 36% | < 0.0001 | |
ARB | 16% | 16% | 15% | 0.10 | |
Aldosterone inhibitor | 6% | 8% | 9% | < 0.0001 | |
Beta-blocker | 31% | 34% | 32% | < 0.0001 | |
Diuretic | 41% | 46% | 45% | < 0.0001 | |
CCB | 21% | 24% | 23% | < 0.0001 | |
Furosemide | 23% | 29% | 30% | < 0.0001 | |
Torsemide | 1% | 2% | 1% | < 0.0001 | |
SPS | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.8% | < 0.0001 | |
Patiromer | 0% | 0% | 0% | – | |
3-Year Post-Index Outcomes (n = 145,173) | |||||
n = 117,902 | n = 22,879 | n = 4392 | |||
MACEc | 17.2% | 25.1% | 27.9% | < 0.0001 | |
Death | 15.2% | 22.7% | 25.9% | < 0.0001 | |
MI | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.79 | |
Stroke | 0.9% | 1% | 0.7% | 0.06 | |
HFH | 2.6% | 3.6% | 3.3% | < 0.0001 | |
Multivariable Hazard Ratio (95% CI) for 3-Year MACEc | |||||
Moderate vs mild HK | 1.29 (1.25, 1.33), P < 0.0001 | ||||
Severe vs mild HK | 1.31 (1.23, 1.40), P < 0.0001 | ||||
Post-Index Annualized Acute Care Trends | |||||
ED | |||||
Mean cost ± SD | $519 ± 7,819 | $701 ± 6,936 | $668 ± 2,100 | < 0.0001a | |
Median (IQR) | 54 (0, 391) | 67 (0, 477) | 68 (0, 554) | ||
1-year visit (primary diagnosis) | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.7% | < 0.0001a | |
Inpatient | |||||
Mean cost ± SD | $9,626 ± 73,418 | $16,328 ± 155,262 | $18,743 ± 125,932 | < 0.0001a | |
Median (IQR) | 0 (0, 4235) | 0 (0, 6222) | 788 (0, 7332) | ||
1-year visit (primary diagnosis) | 0.1% | 0.4% | 1.1% | < 0.0001a |