Table 4 Changes in clinical outcomes assessed
Study | Diabetes | Hypertension | Hyperlipidemia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Change in HbA1c | Change in systolic/diastolic blood pressure | Change in total cholesterol/LDL-C/triglyceride | ||||||||
3 months | 5 months | 6 months | 12 months | 5 months | 12 months | Not specified | 5 months | 12 months | ||
Whitlock et al. (2000) [22] | Intervention | ↓* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Control | ↓ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Nilsson et al. (2009) [23] | Intervention | – | – | – | – | – | – | ↓b / ↓b | – | – |
Control | – | – | – | – | – | – | ↓ / ↓ | – | – | |
Rodriguez-Idígoras et al. (2009) [24] | Intervention | – | – | ↓***a | ↓*b | – | ↓* / ↓* | – | – | ↓*/↓*/— |
Control | – | – | ↓* | ↓ | – | ↓ / ↓ | – | – | —/↓*/— | |
Esmatjes et al. (2014) [25] | Intervention | – | – | ↓*** | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Control | – | – | ↓*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Basudev et al. (2015) [26] | Intervention | – | – | – | ↓b | – | ↓b / ↓b | – | – | ↓b/—/— |
Control | – | – | – | ↓ | – | ↑ / ↓ | – | – | ↓/—/— | |
Tokuda et al. (2016) [27] | Intervention | – | ↓a | – | – | ↓*b/ ↓*b | – | – | —/↓b/↓b | – |
Control | – | ↑ | – | – | ↓ / ↓ | – | – | —/↓/↑ | – | |
Levine et al. (2018) [28] | Intervention | – | – | – | – | – | – | ↓/— | – | – |
Control | – | – | – | – | – | – | ↓/— | – | – | |