Table 2 Major study characteristics
Study | Healthcare Setting | Country | Study Design | Control Group Conditions | Patient Sample Size | Patient Age (Years) | Patient Sex (% Female) | Provider Characteristics | Patient Inclusion Criteria | Clinical Outcomes Assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whitlock et al. (2000) [22] | Single primary care clinic | United States | RCT | Usual care | 28 | Study: 61.5 (41–73)a Control: 59 (32–75)a | Study: 60 Control: 62 | Primary care physician | HbA1c > 8.0% | HbA1c |
Nilsson et al. (2009) [23] | Health centers | Sweden | Matched cohort study | Usual care with physician at a separate but similar healthcare center | 273 | Study: 65 (57–63)a Control: 65 (57–63)a | Study: 54 Control: 54 | Primary care physician | SBP > 140 DBP > 90 | Blood pressure |
Rodriguez-Idígoras et al. (2009) [24] | Family medicine practices | Spain | RCT | Usual care | 328 | Study: 63.3 (61.6–65.0)b Control: 64.5 (63.0–66.1)b | Study: 46 Control: 51 | Family physician | Age > 30 years Type 2 diabetes Self-monitoring for diabetes | HbA1c, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-C |
Esmatjes et al. (2014) [25] | Single outpatient clinic | Spain | RCT | 5 face-to-face appointments with physician | 154 | Study: 32.2 ± 10.1c Control: 31.5 ± 9.0c | Study: 57.6 Control: 52.6 | Primary care provider | Aged 18–55 years Type 1 diabetes ≥ 5 year duration HbA1c > 8.0% Using multiple insulin doses per day Testing blood glucose at home at least 3 times/day Has Internet access at home | HbA1c |
Basudev et al. (2015) [26] | General practices | United Kingdom | Prospective study | Usual care | 208 | Study: 60.5 ± 12.3c Control: 59.3 ± 12.0c | Study: 45.2 Control: 40.4 | Primary care and specialist diabetes teams | Age ≥ 18 years old Type 2 diabetes > 1 year duration HbA1c > 8.5% | HbA1c, blood pressure, total cholesterol |
Tokuda et al. (2016) [27] | Single community-based outpatient clinic | United States | Prospective study | Regular individual visits with primary care physician every 4–6 months | 100 | Study: 60.4 ± 1.4d Control: 61.6 ± 1.1d | Study: 0 Control: 10.1 | Nurse practitioner and clinical pharmacist | HbA1c ≥ 7% | HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL-C, triglycerides |
Levine et al. (2018) [28] | Primary care clinics | United States | Retrospective cohort study | Usual care | 1786 | Study: 61 (60–61)b Control: 60 (59–61)b | Study: 44 Control: 42 | Primary care physician | Engagement in a virtual visit for hypertension (intervention group) or principal diagnosis of essential hypertension (control group) | Blood pressure |