Table 1 Distribution of Population Characteristics and Propensity matched covariate balance
Characteristic | Full Population | Matched Cohort | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total N = 173,758 | 15 Minutes N = 11,222 |  ≥ 30 Minutes N = 162,536 | Standardized Difference | Total N = 22,444 | 15 Minutes N = 11,222 |  ≥ 30 Minutes N = 11,222 | Standardized Difference | |
Age (mean; SD) | 54.2 (19.3) | 51 (31) | 55 (31) | 20.6 | 50.4 (19.2) | 51 (31) | 50 (31) | 1.6 |
Practice Area (%) | ||||||||
  Family Med | 52.9 | 63.8 | 52.1 | 23.7 | 64.0 | 63.8 | 64.2 | 0.9 |
  PCIM | 47.1 | 36.2 | 47.9 | 23.7 | 36.0 | 36.2 | 35.8 | 0.9 |
Provider Type (%) | ||||||||
  Physician | 54.7 | 60.6 | 54.3 | 12.9 | 60.7 | 60.6 | 60.8 | 0.3 |
  NP/PA | 29.5 | 31.3 | 29.4 | 4.2 | 31.1 | 31.3 | 30.9 | 1.1 |
  Resident | 15.8 | 8.0 | 16.3 | 25.5 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 1.2 |
Patient Language (%) | ||||||||
  English | 96.1 | 98.6 | 95.9 | 18.9 | 98.5 | 98.6 | 98.4 | 2.4 |
  Non-English | 3.7 | 1.1 | 3.9 | 20.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.8 |
  Unknown | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
Clinic Site (%) | ||||||||
  Clinic A | 54.8 | 42.0 | 55.7 | 27.7 | 42.6 | 42.0 | 43.1 | 2.4 |
  Clinic B | 10.7 | 14.2 | 10.5 | 11.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 0.2 |
  Clinic C | 16.2 | 19.6 | 16.0 | 9.4 | 19.8 | 19.6 | 20.0 | 1.0 |
  Clinic D | 10.2 | 13.4 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.1 | 0.9 |
  Clinic E | 8.0 | 10.8 | 7.8 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 9.6 | 4.1 |
Charlson Index (%) | ||||||||
  0 | 49.5 | 60.3 | 48.8 | 23.3 | 61.4 | 60.3 | 62.5 | 4.5 |
  1 | 19.2 | 18.0 | 19.3 | 3.5 | 17.9 | 18.0 | 17.7 | 0.6 |
  2 | 9.6 | 8.0 | 9.7 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 2.8 |
  3 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 8.8 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 2.9 |
  4 | 4.2 | 2.5 | 4.3 | 9.7 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 1.7 |
  5 or more | 10.8 | 6.4 | 11.1 | 16.6 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 1.4 |
Disease Indication (%) | ||||||||
  Complications of Pregnancy; childbirth; and the puerperium | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.3 |
  Congenital Anomalies | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.02 | 0.0 | 1.9 |
  Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.7 |
  Diseases of the circulatory system | 8.6 | 2.8 | 9.0 | 26.4 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.2 |
  Diseases of the digestive system | 5.0 | 3.2 | 5.1 | 9.3 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.3 |
  Disease of the genitourinary system | 6.6 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 1.6 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 0.5 |
  Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | 18.6 | 4.3 | 19.6 | 48.5 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 0.5 |
  Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs | 8.3 | 14.8 | 7.9 | 22.1 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 14.9 | 0.3 |
  Diseases of the respiratory system | 11.2 | 23.6 | 10.3 | 35.9 | 24.0 | 23.6 | 24.4 | 1.7 |
  Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | 6.1 | 18.7 | 5.2 | 42.7 | 18.7 | 18.7 | 18.7 | 0.1 |
  Endocrine; nutritional; and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders | 7.3 | 1.9 | 7.7 | 27.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.2 |
  Infectious and parasitic diseases | 2.1 | 6.1 | 1.8 | 22.1 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 1.7 |
  Injury and poisoning | 4.0 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 0.5 |
  Mental Illness | 7.6 | 1.7 | 8.0 | 29.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
  Neoplasms | 1.2 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 11.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 3.4 |
  Residual Codes; unclassified | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 12.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 2.3 |
  Symptoms; signs; and ill-defined conditions and factors influencing health status | 9.9 | 7.3 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 0.1 |
Additional characteristics not used in the matching process | ||||||||
  Ethnicity (%) | ||||||||
    Hispanic | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0 |
    Not Hispanic | 95.3 | 95.3 | 95.3 | 0.1 | 95.3 | 95.3 | 95.3 | 0.3 |
  Unknown | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 |
  Race (%) | ||||||||
    African American | 3.3 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 12.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 3.3 |
    Asian | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 0.6 |
    Other/Unknown | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 1.8 |
    White | 89.9 | 92.8 | 89.7 | 10.9 | 92.7 | 92.8 | 92.6 | 0.8 |
  Sex (%) | ||||||||
    Female | 61.9 | 62.7 | 61.8 | 1.9 | 62.6 | 62.7 | 62.5 | 0.6 |
    Male | 38.1 | 37.3 | 38.2 | 1.9 | 37.4 | 37.3 | 37.5 | 0.6 |
  Marital Status (%) | ||||||||
    Married | 62.3 | 65.1 | 62.2 | 6.1 | 63.3 | 65.1 | 61.6 | 7.3 |
    Not Married or Unknown | 37.7 | 34.9 | 37.8 | 6.0 | 36.6 | 34.9 | 38.4 | 7.2 |
  Geographic Location (%) | ||||||||
    Olmsted County | 75.0 | 72.0 | 75.2 | 7.4 | 72.6 | 72.0 | 73.2 | 2.8 |
    SE Minnesota | 23.4 | 26.7 | 23.2 | 8.1 | 26.0 | 26.7 | 25.2 | 3.3 |
    Outside SE MN | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 |