Table 1 Characteristics of included studies (n = 19, ordered by study time)
Study | Condition | Health professionals | Patients | Comparison | Outcome | Longest duration of follow-up | Country | Context | Methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kinmonth 1998 | Type 2 diabetes | n = 107 (43 GPs and 64 nurses) Age: NA | n = 360 Mean age: 57.7 Sex: 59.2% male | Int: Patient centred care skills training Con: No training | HbA1C, blood pressure, lipids, BMI, communication performance, patient satisfaction, patient understanding, quality of life (ADDQoL), wellbing | 12 months | UK | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 41) |
Brug 2007 | Diabetes | n = 37 (dietitians) Age: 24 to 45 | n = 209 Mean age: NA Sex: NA | Int: Motivational interviewing training Con: No training | HbA1C, BMI, Self-care management | 6 months | Netherlands | Home-care organizations | Individual RCT |
Rubak 2009 | Type 2 diabetes | n = 65 (GPs) Age: NA | n = 265 Mean age: NA Sex: NA | Int: Motivational interviewing training Con: No training | Patient-doctor relationship (Health Care Climates Questionnaire), self-care management (Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities), patient understanding (Diabetes Illness Representation Questionnaire) | 12 months | Denmark | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 48) |
Sequist 2010 | Diabetes | n = 124 (91 GPs and 33 NPs) Age: NA | n = 2699 Mean age: 62.4 Sex: 48.7% male | Int: Cultural competency training Con: No training | HbA1C, blood pressure, lipids, BMI, Communication performance | 12 months | USA | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 31) |
Heinrich 2010 | Type 2 diabetes | n = 33 (nurses) Age: NA | n = 584 Mean age: 59 Sex: 45.1% male | Int: Motivational interviewing training Con: No training | HbA1C, blood pressure, lipids, BMI, patient-doctor relationship (Health Care Climates Questionnaire), self-care management (Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities), quality of life (DSQoL) | 24 months | Netherlands | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 33) |
Rubak 2011 | Type 2 diabetes | n = 140 (GPs) Age: NA | n = 628 Mean age: 61 Sex: 58% male | Int: Motivational interviewing training Con: No training | HbA1C, blood pressure, lipids, BMI | 12 months | Denmark | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 80) |
Robling 2012 | Type 1 diabetes | n = 79 (Health practitioners) Age: NA | n = 693 Mean age: 4 to 15 Sex: 49% male | Int: Talking Diabetes consulting skills Con: No training | HbA1C, BMI, quality of life, self-care management | 12 months | UK | Secondary and tertiary care | Cluster RCT (n = 26) |
Farmer 2012 | Type 2 diabetes | n:NA Age: NA | n = 211 Mean age: 63.2 Sex: 65.4% male | Int: Theory of planned behaviour training Con: No training | HbA1C Adherence (Medication Adherence Report Scale), health status (12-item Short Form Medical Outcomes), satisfaction (Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire) | 3 months | UK | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 13) |
Welschen 2012 | Type 2 diabetes | n:NA Age: NA | n = 262 Mean age: 58.6 Sex: 43.1% male | Int: Six-step CVD risk communication training Con: No training | Patient understanding, wellbeing (Short Form Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory), risk perception (Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire), satisfaction (COMRADE scale) | 3 months | Netherlands | A managed care system coordinates patients and specialists | Individual RCT |
Jansink 2013 | Type 2 diabetes | n = 53 (nurses) Age: 42.7 | n = 521 Mean age: 64.0 Sex: 54.9% male | Int: Motivational interviewing training Con: No training | HbA1C, blood pressure, lipids, BMI, quality of life (Euroqol) | 14 months | Netherlands | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 58) |
Tinsel 2013 | Hypertension | n:NA Age: NA | n = 1120 Mean age: 64.4 Sex: 45.7% male | Int: Shared decision making Con: No training | Blood pressure, patient understanding, adherence (Medication Adherence Report Scale) | 20 months | Germany | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 37) |
Juul 2014 | Type 1 and 2 diabetes | n = 34 (nurses) Age: NA | n = 4034 Mean age: 60.5 Sex: 56.5% male | Int: Communication skills training Con: No training | HbA1C, lipids, BMI, health status (12-item Short Form Medical Outcomes), patient-doctor relationship (Health Care Climates Questionnaire), patient understanding (Problem Areas in Diabetes scale and Perceived Competence for Diabetes Scale) | 18 months | Denmark | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 40) |
Ma 2014 | Hypertension | n = 12 (nurses) Age: NA | n = 120 Mean age: 58.8 Sex: 49.2% male | Int: Motivational interviewing training Con: No training | Blood pressure, lipids Adherence (Treatment Adherence Questionnaire of Patients with Hypertension), health status (36-item short form) | 6 months | China | Primary care | Individual RCT |
Manze 2015 | Hypertension | n = 58 (doctors) Age: NA | n = 379 Mean age: 60.6 Sex: 29.6% male | Int: Patient-centered counseling and cultural competency training Con: No training | Blood pressure, communication performance, adherence (Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale) | 18 months | USA | Primary care | Individual RCT |
Kressin 2016 | Hypertension | n:NA Age: NA | n = 8866 Mean age: 66.2 Sex: 98.8% male | Int: Patient-centered counseling Con: No training | Blood pressure, communication performance, adherence | 14 months | USA | Primary care | Individual RCT |
Okada 2017 | Hypertension | n:NA (pharmacists) Age: NA | n = 125 Mean age: 64 Sex: 40% male | Int: Motivational interviewing training Con: No training | Blood pressure Adherence (Medication Adherence Report Scale), health status (WHO-Five wellbeing index and EQ-5D) | 4 months | Japan | Pharmacy | Cluster RCT (n = 73) |
Akturan 2017 | Type 2 diabetes | n = 8 (doctors) Age: NA | n = 112 Mean age: 56.9 Sex: 34.8% male | Int: BATHE (Background, Affect, Troubling, Handling, and Empathy) training Con: No training | Diabetes empowerment score | 6 months | Turkey | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 8) |
Belin 2017 | Hypertension | n = 35 (health providers) Age: NA | n = 240 Mean age: 37 Sex: 22.7% male | Int: Communication skills training Con: No training | Blood pressure, communication performance (Health Literacy Assessment Questions), adherence, patients’ self-efficacy | NA | Iran | Primary care | Individual RCT |
Ismail 2018 | Type 2 diabetes | n:NA (nurses) Age: NA | n = 334 Mean age: 58.9 Sex: 48.8% male | Int: Diabetes-6 (six psychological skill) training Con: No training | HbA1C, blood pressure, lipids, BMI, health status (PHQ-9 and Diabetes Distress Scale) | 18 months | UK | Primary care | Cluster RCT (n = 24) |