Authors (year) | Country | Design | N | Agea | Length (years) | CoC measurement | CoC cut-off | Results | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
w/ Improvement | w/o improvement | ||||||||
I. Health indicators | |||||||||
Hanninen, Takala et al. (2001) [31] | Finland | Cross-sectional | DM: 260 | < 65 | 2 | Single ph. | Same ph. ≥ 2 years | HbA1c BMI | |
Overland, Yue et al. (2001) [32] | Australia | Prospective cohort | DM: 479 | Single GP: 59.9 (50.7–67.0) Multiple GP: 54.0 (48.7–61.5) | 0.5 | Single ph. | Single ph. | HbA1c Blood pressure Lipid profile | |
Parchman and Pugh (2002) [33] | United States | Prospective cohort | DM: 265 | 58.7 (9.7) | 2 | CoCI | No cut-off | HbA1c | |
Sherina, Teng et al. (2003) [49] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional | DM: 166 | 59.2 | < 1 | UPCI | Median | HbA1c | |
Mainous, Koopman et al. (2004) [34] | United States | Prospective cohort | DM: 1400 | No summary | 6 | Usual ph./site by patient questionnaire | w/ usual ph./site | HbA1c | Blood pressure LDL |
Litaker, Ritter et al. (2005) [50] | United States | Retrospective cohort | DM: 1448 | No summary | 1 | Single ph. | Same ph. for 1 year | HbA1c Blood pressure | |
Fisher, Sloane et al. (2007) [25] | United States | Retrospective cohort | HT: 459 | 58.9 (14.8) | 2 | CoCI | 0.40 (low/med) 0.67 (med/high) | Blood pressure | |
Gulliford, Naithani et al. (2007) [35] | United Kingdom | Prospective cohort | DM: 193 | 65 | < 1 | Experienced CoC by patient questionnaire | No cut-off | HbA1c Blood pressure BMI | |
Salzman, Yuen et al. (2006) [30] | United States | Retrospective cohort | HT: 287 | ≥ 18 | 3 | Single ph. | Same ph. of last 5 visits | Blood pressure | |
Dearinger, Wilson et al. (2008) [36] | United States | Retrospective cohort | DM: 101 | 61.8 | 3 | UPCI | 0.45 (low/high) | HbA1c | Blood pressure LDL |
Younge, Jani et al. (2012) [51] | United States | Retrospective cohort | DM: 484 | ≥ 18 | 2 | MMCI | Quartiles | HbA1c LDL | Blood pressure |
Hanafi, Abdullah et al. (2015) [27] | Malaysia | Retrospective cohort | HT: 1060 | 62.0 (10.4) | 1 | UPCI | No cut-off | Blood pressure | |
Liao, Lin et al. (2015) [52] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | DM: 89,428 | 53.7 (11.1) | 10 | UPCI (ph. & site) | 1.0 in ph. (high) 1.0 in site (high) < 0.7 in both ph. & site (low) Others (med) | Complications (CVD, PVD, renal diseases and others) Hospitalisation Mortality rate | |
Lustman, Comaneshter et al. (2016) [42] | Israel | Retrospective cohort | DM: 23,294 | High UPCI: 61.1 Low UPCI: 59.7 | 2 | UPCI | 0.75 (low/high) | Mortality rate HbA1c Blood pressure | Hospitalisation LDL |
Chang, Chien et al. (2018) [53] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | DM: 26,063 | 55.8 (12.0) | 17 | CoCI | 0.43 (low/med) 0.80 (med/high) | Complication (ESRD) Hospitalisation | |
Jang, Choy et al. (2018) [54] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort | DM: 3565 | No summary | 8 | CoCI | 0.75 (low/high) | Complication (ESRD) | |
Khanam, Kitsos et al. (2019) [28] | Australia | Retrospective cohort | HT: 37,425 | ≥ 18 | 3.5 | HHI | 0.5 (low/med) 0.75 (med/high) 1 (max) | Blood pressure | |
Kim and Park (2019) [48] | South Korea | Case–control | DM: 55,558 | No death: 76.7 (7.0) w/ death: 76.7 (7.1) | 12 | UPCI (site) | Lowest vs highest by SAS Rank | Mortality rate | |
Lee, Chun et al. (2019) [47] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort | DM: 16,806 | > 45 | 12 | CoCI | 0.75 (low/high) | Complication (thyroid disorder) | |
Leniz and Gulliford (2019) [62] | Chile | Cross-sectional | HT: 1252 DM: 418 | ≥ 15 | 2 | Questionnaire | No cut-off | HbA1c Blood pressure | |
Nam, Lee et al. (2019) [55] | South Korea | Case–control | DM: 2373 | ≥ 20 | 10 | CoCI | Median | Complications (CVD, nephropathy and others) Healthcare expense | |
Sousa Santos, Tavares Bello et al. (2019) [46] | Portugal | Retrospective cohort | DM: 100 | Studied: 69.2 (10.6) Control: 67.2 (10.4) | 5 | Single ph. | Same ph. ≥ 5 years | HbA1c | Blood pressure BMI LDL |
Choi, Choi et al. (2020) [29] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort | HT: 244,187 | ≥ 20 | 11 | CoCI | 0.23, 0.36, 0.56 | Complication (CVD) | |
II. Service Utilisation | |||||||||
Knight, Dowden et al. (2009) [56] | Canada | Retrospective cohort | DM: 1143 | ≥ 65 | 3 | CoCI UPCI SECON | 0.75 | Hospitalisation | |
Hong, Kang et al. (2010) [10] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort | HT: 858,927 DM: 268,220 | HT: 71.5 (5.0) DM: 70.6 (4.6) | 4 | CoCI | 0.20 (low/med) 0.40 (med/high) | Hospitalisation A&E attendance | |
Lin, Huang et al. (2010) [37] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | DM: 6476 | 58.8 (12.7) | 5 | UPCI | 0.47 (low/med) 0.75 (med/high) | Long-term hospitalisation | Short-term hospitalisation |
Liu, Doug et al. (2010) [57] | United States | Retrospective cohort | DM: 3873 | 58.7 (58.3–59.1) | 2 | FCI (site) | No cut-off | A&E attendance | |
Chen and Cheng (2011) [13] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | DM: 48,107 | 60.7 (11.3) | 7 | CoCI | 0.47 (low/med) 0.86 (mid/high) | Hospitalisation A&E attendance Medication expense Healthcare expense | |
Robles and Anderson (2011) [7] | United States | Retrospective cohort | HT: 5590 | Low CoCI: 76.2 Intermediate: 75.7 High CoCI: 75.9 | 1 | CoCI | 0.106 (low/med) 0.236 (med/high) | Medication expense | |
Worrall and Knight (2011) [38] | Canada | Retrospective cohort | DM: 305 | 74.3(6.7) | 3 | UPCI | 0.75 (low/high) | Mortality rate Hospitalisation | |
Chen, Tseng et al. (2013) [18] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | DM: 11,299 | 55.7(11.3) | 7 | CoCI | 0.22 (low/med) 0.44 (med/high) | Hospitalisation A&E attendance | |
Hong and Kang (2013) [39] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort | DM: 68,469 | 53.6 (12.1) | 4 | CoCI | 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 | Mortality rate Hospitalisation Healthcare expense | |
Hussey, Schneider et al. (2014) [40] | United States | Retrospective cohort | DM: 166,654 | > 65 | 2 | CoCI (ph./site) | No cut-off | Hospitalisation A&E attendance Complications (MI, renal diseases and others) Healthcare expense | |
Comino, Islam et al. (2015) [58] | Australia | Retrospective cohort | DM: 20,433 | ≥ 45 | 1.5 | UPCI | 0.80 | Hospitalisation | |
Cho, Nam et al. (2016) [59] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort | DM: 5163 | ≥ 20 | 9 | CoCI | 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 | Hospitalisation | |
Hsu, Chou et al. (2016) [41] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | DM: 3757 | No summary | 7 | CoCI | Low, medium, high (= 1) | A&E attendance | |
Nam, Cho et al. (2016) [26] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort | HT: 3,460,700 | ≥ 20 | 3 | CoCI | 0.75 (low/high) | Hospitalisation | |
Pu and Chou (2016) [61] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | HT: 331,506 DM: 82,181 | HT: w/ A&E: 71 No A&E: 66 DM: w/ A&E: 69 No A&E: 65 | 2 | CoCI | HT: 0.46 (low/med) 0.82(med/high) DM: 0.43 (low/med) 0.72(med/high) | A&E attendance | |
Van Loenen, Faber et al. (2016) [43] | the Netherlands | Cross-sectional | DM: 45,082 | No summary | 3 | ph. and patient questionnaires | No cut-off | Hospitalisation | |
Weir, McAlister et al. (2016) [44] | Canada | Prospective cohort | DM: 285,231 | 53.0 (10.5) | 7 | UPCI | 0.75 (low/high) | Mortality rate Hospitalisation | |
Li (2019) [45] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | DM: 4007 | High CoCI: 61.1 (10.6) Low CoCI: 60.8 (10.5) High UPCI: 61.1 (10.6) Low UPCI: 60.8 (10.5) | 3 | CoCI UPCI | Median (low/high) | Hospitalisation A&E attendance | Mortality rate |
Chen and Cheng (2020) [60] | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | DM: 57,965 | 56.3 | 4 | CoCI | Tertiles | Hospitalisation |