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Table 2 Association of caregiver and patient characteristics with outpatient medical follow-up (primary care) 0–3 months post-stroke

From: Role of caregiver factors in outpatient medical follow-up post-stroke: observational study in Singapore

Variable

Reference category

Primary care visits (0 - 3 months)

IRR (95% CI)

P-value

aIRRa (95% CI)

P-value

Caregiver factors

 Age (in years)

 

1.013 (1.002, 1.023)

0.017

  

 Gender

Male

0.845 (0.628, 1.136)

0.264

  

 Ethnicity

Non-Chinese

1.195 (0.912, 1.567)

0.197

  

 Marital status

Single

0.917 (0.671, 1.254)

0.589

  

 Caregiver relationship

Spouse

 

0.443

  

 Adult-child

 

0.809 (0.594, 1.101)

  

 Sibling

 

0.641 (0.283, 1.451)

  

 Others

 

0.943 (0.554, 1.605)

  

 Comorbid conditions

None

 

0.829

  

  1

 

0.856 (0.610, 1.202)

  

  2

 

0.924 (0.578, 1.477)

  

  ≥3

 

1.008 (0.631, 1.611)

  

 Co-residing with patient

No

1.290 (0.815, 2.043)

0.277

  

 Caring for multiple care recipients

No

0.947 (0.724, 1.238)

0.691

  

Revised memory and behavior checklist

 Memory problems

 

0.937 (0.910, 0.965)

<0.001

0.954 (0.919, 0.990)

0.013

 Depressive behavior problems

 

0.959 (0.927, 0.992)

0.015

  

 Disruptive behavior problems

 

0.981 (0.943, 1.020)

0.333

  

Caregiver burden

 Oberst caregiving burden scale

 

0.972 (0.960, 0.984)

<0.001

0.976 (0.959, 0.993)

0.005

 Zarit burden interview

 

0.994 (0.977, 1.012)

0.523

  

Family conflict

 Attitude towards patient

 

0.971 (0.943, 0.999)

0.041

  

 Attitude towards caregiver

 

0.966 (0.938, 0.995)

0.021

  

Social support (instrumental)

 FDW for general help

No

1.599 (1.076, 2.376)

0.020

  

 FDW for stroke patient

No

0.455 (0.265, 0.781)

0.004

  

 Social support (perceived)

 

1.011 (0.984, 1.039)

0.427

  

Care management strategies

 Positive strategies

 

0.981 (0.969, 0.993)

0.002

  

 Negative strategies

 

0.995 (0.966, 1.024)

0.737

  

Patient factors

 Age (in years)

 

1.001 (0.989, 1.014)

0.827

  

 Gender

Male

0.853 (0.643, 1.130)

0.268

  

 Ethnicity

Non-Chinese

1.094 (0.836, 1.431)

0.515

  

 Marital status

Single

1.254 (0.878, 1.792)

0.214

  

 Ward class

Unsubsidized

1.437 (0.820, 2.516)

0.205

  

 CCI

1 - 3

 

0.593

  

 4 - 6

 

1.202 (0.844, 1.711)

  

 >= 7

 

1.175 (0.749, 1.842)

  

 Stroke type

Non-ischemic

2.451 (1.337, 4.493)

0.004

2.327 (1.110, 4.876)

0.025

 Recurrent stroke

No

0.827 (0.566, 1.209)

0.327

  

 National Institute of Health Scale

Mild (0-4)

 

<0.001

  

 Moderately severe (5-14)

 

0.594 (0.443, 0.797)

  

 Severe (15-24)

 

0.266 (0.098, 0.716)

  

 Modified rankin scale

No or slight disability (0-2)

    

 Moderate or severe disability (3-5)

 

0.602 (0.462, 0.784)

<0.001

  

 Mini-mental state examination

No cognitive impairment (24-30)

 

<0.001

  

 Mild cognitive impairment (18-23)

 

0.696 (0.503, 0.965)

  

 Severe cognitive impairment (1-17)

 

0.422 (0.265, 0.671)

  

 Discharge to community hospital

No

0.569 (0.398, 0.813)

0.002

  

 Centre for epidemiological studies depression scale

 

1.008 (0.985, 1.032)

0.495

  
  1. Abbreviations: IRR incidence rate ratio, aIRR adjusted incidence rate ratio, CI confidence interval, FDW foreign domestic worker
  2. aModel adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and ward class of the patient