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Table 1 Prevalence of NAFLD according to the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, (N = 263)

From: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk categories in primary care: is there an association?

Variables

NAFLD Status*

Total, N = 263 (%)**

Chi-squarea (df)/t-testb (df)

P-value***

OR (95% CI)/Mean diff (95% CI)b

Prevalence

Yes (n = 143, 54.4%)

No (n = 120, 45.6%)

    

Age (years): (Mean ± SD)

53.31 (±13.34)

51.04 (±16.15)

 

-1.246b (261)

0.214

−2.27 (− 5.85,1.31)b

Age Classification: n (%)

 18–29

7 (30.4)

16 (69.6)

23 (8.7)

11.97(4)a

0.018

1

 30–39

21 (45.7)

25 (54.3)

46 (17.5)

  

0.37(0.14,0.96)

 40–49

21 (72.4)

8 (27.6)

29 (11.0)

  

0.70(0.35,1.40)

 50–59

32 (62.7)

19 (37.3)

51 (19.4)

  

2.20(0.90,5.38)

 ≥ 60

62 (54.4)

52 (45.6)

114 (43.4)

  

1.41(0.72,2.78)

Gender: n (%)

 Female

60 (45.8)

71 (54.2)

131 (49.8)

  

1

 Male

83 (62.9)

49 (37.1)

132 (50.2)

7.729 (1)a

0.005

2.00(1.23,3.28)

Marital Status: n (%)

 Single

17 (58.5)

24 (41.5)

41 (15.6)

3.310 (2)a

0.192

1

 Married

119 (56.9)

90 (43.1)

209 (79.5)

  

0.61(0.17,2.13)

 Divorced/Widowed

7 (53.8)

6 (46.2)

13 (4.9)

  

1.13(0.37,3.49)

Ethnicity: n (%)

 Malay

111 (52.9)

99 (47.1)

210 (79.8)

2.865 (2)a

0.239

1

 Chinese

22 (55)

18 (45.0)

40 (15.2)

  

1.09(0.55,2.15)

 India/others

10 (76.9)

3 (23.1)

13 (5.0)

  

2.97(0.80,11,11)

Income group: n (%)

 B40 (≤ RM3000)

84 (54.2)

71(45.8)

155 (58.9)

0.005 (1)a

1.00

1

 M40 + T20 (> RM3000)

59 (54.6)

49 (45.4)

108 (41.1)

  

1.018 (0.621,1.667)

Educational Level: n (%)

 No formal/primary

7 (41.2)

10 (58.8)

17 (6.5)

7.759 (3)a

0.051

1

 Secondary

57 (60.6)

37 (39.4)

94 (35.7)

  

2.20(0.77,6.29)

 Technical/Vocational/Diploma

35 (63.6)

20 (36.4)

55 (20.9)

  

2.50(0.82,7.59)

 Tertiary

44 (45.4)

53 (54.6)

97 (36.9)

  

1.18(0.42,3.37)

Occupation: n (%)

 Unemployed

61 (48.0)

66 (52.0)

127 (48.3)

11.352 (3)a

0.023

1

 Employed

82 (60.3)

54 (39.7)

136 (51.7)

  

0.61(0.37,0.99)

Smoking status n (%)

 Never

132 (53.7)

114 (46.3)

246 (93.5)

0.782 (1)a

0.455

1.58(0.57,4.42)

 Active smoker

11 (64.7)

6 (35.3)

17 (6.5)

   

Co-morbidities, n (%)

 T2DM

 Yes

63 (70.0)

27 (30.0)

90 (34.2)

13.468 (1)a

< 0.001

2.713(1.58,4.65)

 No

80 (46.2)

93 (53.8)

173 (65.8)

   

 Dyslipidaemia

 Yes

92 (60.9)

59 (39.1)

151 (57.4)

6.14 (1)a

0.017

1.88(1.14,3.06)

 No

51 (45.5)

61 (54.5)

112 (42.6)

   

 Hypertension

 Yes

79 (59.0)

55 (41.0)

134 (51.0)

2.31 (1)a

0.139

1.46(0.9,2.38)

 No

64 (49.6)

65 (50.4)

129 (49.0)

   

BMI, kg/m2: (Mean ± SD)

30.5 (±6.56)

27.52 (±5.87)

 

−3.947 (261)b

< 0.001

−3.06 (−4.58,-1.53)

BMI category: n (%)

 Not obese

11 (30.6)

25 (69.4)

36 (13.7)

23.316 (2)

< 0.001

1

 Pre-obese

35 (41.2)

50 (58.8)

85 (32.3)

  

1.59(0.69,3.65)

 Obese

97 (68.3)

45 (31.7)

142 (54.0)

  

4.90(2.22,10.82)

WC, cm: (Mean ± SD)

99.04 (±14.4)

90.71 (±11.57)

 

−5.099 (261)b

< 0,001

−8.329 (−11.547,-5.113)

WC category, n (%)

 Normal

19 (66.1)

37 (33.9)

56 (21.3)

11.99 (1)

0.001

2.909 (1.566,5.403)

 Abnormal

124 (59.9)

83 (40.1)

207 (78.7)

   

SBP: (Mean ± SD)

134.76 (±15.72)

127.99(±15.64)

 

−3.487 (261)b

0.001

−6.771 (−10.59,-2.94)b

SBP (mmHg) category: n (%)

 Normal < 130

49 (44.1)

62 (55.9)

111 (42.2)

8.1 (1)a

0.006

2.05 (1.25–3.37)

 Elevated ≥130

94 (61.8)

58 (38.2)

152 (57.8)

   

DBP: (Mean ± SD)

77.37 (±10.14)

74.05 (±10.08)

 

−2.652 (261)b

0.008

−3.32 (−5.79,-.086)b

DBP (mmHg) category: n (%)

 < 85, n (%)

110 (52.9)

98 (47.1)

208 (79.1)

0.89 (1)a

0.365

1.34 (0.73–2.45)

 ≥ 85, n (%)

33 (60.0)

22 (40.0)

55 (20.9)

   

TC, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD)

4.83 (±1.18)

4.95 (±1.32)

 

0.764 (261)b

0.446

0.12 (−0.19,0.42)b

TC (mmol/L) category: n (%)

 < 5.0 mmol/L,

84 (54.9)

69 (45.1)

153 (58.2)

0.41 (1)a

0.900

0.95 (0.58–1.55)

 ≥ 5.0 mmol/L

59 (53.6)

51 (46.4)

110 (41.8)

   

TG, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD)

1.62 (±0.82)

1.42 (±1.04)

 

−1.854 (261)b

0.065

−0.212 (− 0.437,0.013)b

TG (mmol/L) category: n (%)

 Normal < 1.7

91 (49.2)

94 (50.8)

185 (70.3)

6.76 (1)a

0.01

2.07 (1.19–3.59)

 Elevated ≥1.7

52 (66.7)

26 (33.3)

78 (29.7)

   

LDL-c, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD)

2.82 (±1.05)

2.89 (±1.14)

 

0.478 (261)b

0.633

0.064 (−0.201,0.330)b

LDL-c (mmol/L) category: n (%)

 Normal < 3.1

89 (54.3)

75 (45.7)

164 (62.4)

0.002 (1)a

1.0

1.01(0.61–1.67)

 Elevated ≥3.1

54 (54.5)

45 (45.5)

99 (37.6)

   

HDL-c, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD)

1.28 (±0.29)

1.41 (±0.34)

 

3.362 (261)b

0.001

0.131(0.054,0.208)b

HDL-c (mmol/L) category: n (%)

 Low ≤1.0 in men

12 (80.0)

3 (20.0)

15 (11.4)

1.62 (1)a

0.238

0.526 (0.194–1.430)

 Normal > 1.0

71 (60.7)

46 (39.3)

117 (88.6)

   

HDL-c (mmol/L) category: n (%)

 Low ≤1.3 in women

38 (67.9)

18 (32.1)

56 (21.3)

5.215 (1)a

0.024

0.488 (0.26–0.910)

 Normal > 1.3

105 (50.7)

102 (49.3)

207 (78.7)

   

FPG, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD)

6.833 (±4.30)

5.481 (±1.434)

 

−3.253 (256)b

0.001

−1.35 (−2.17,-0.53)b

FPG (mmol/L) category: n (%)

 Normal < 5.6

56 (40.6)

82 (59.4)

138 (53.5)

23.704 (1)a

< 0.001

3.55 (2.11–5.98)

 Elevated ≥5.6

85 (70.8)

35 (29.2)

120 (46.5)

   

HbA1c in %: (Mean ± SD)

7.63 (±1.62)

7.37 (±1.50)

 

−0.741 (98)b

0.461

−0.26 (−0.96,0.434)b

HbA1c category: n (%)

 Controlled < 7.0%

24 (75.0)

8 (25.0)

32 (32.0)

1.210 (1)a

0.812

0.80 (0.31–2.08)

 Uncontrolled ≥7.0%

48 (70.6)

20 (29.4)

68 (68.0)

   

ALT, U/L: (Mean ± SD)

35.69 (±28.61)

22.26 (±17.85)

 

−4.443 (258)b

< 0.001

−13.44 (−19.39, −7.48)b

ALT (U/L) category: n (%)

 Normal ≤34

84 (44.9)

103 (55.1)

187 (71.9)

23.26 (1)a

< 0.001

4.37 (2.34–8.16)

 Elevated > 34

57 (78.1)

16 (21.9)

73 (28.1)

   

GGT, U/L: (Mean ± SD)

48.95 (± 41.15)

36.16 (±44.6)

 

−2.398 (257)b

0.017

−12.79 (−23.29,-2.289)b

GGT (U/L) category: n (%)

 Normal ≤60

102 (49.3)

105 (50.7)

207 (79.9)

8.78 (1)a

0.004

2.69 (1.38–5.28)

 Elevated > 60

38 (73.1)

14 (26.9)

52 (20.1)

   
  1. SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure
  2. *Data presented: as row percentage **Data presented as column percentage, *** significant at p < 0.05 aChi-square, bIndependent t-test