Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted means, and β coefficients of EQ5D UI across various predictors

No. of chronic condition(s)

 1 or 2

0.871

(0.198)

0.837

(0.034)

REFERENCE

–

–

 ≥ 3

0.804

(0.251)

0.785

(0.032)

−0.064

(−0.125, − 0.003)

0.04*

Age (years)

 < 50

0.754

(0.304)

0.737

(0.042)

−0.137

(− 0.246, − 0.029)

0.01*

 50–54

0.846

(0.217)

0.837

(0.042)

−0.01

(− 0.095, 0.075)

0.82

 55–59

0.845

(0.222)

0.828

(0.036)

−0.021

(− 0.091, 0.050)

0.57

 60–64

0.871

(0.187)

0.845

(0.036)

REFERENCE

–

–

Sex

 Male

0.843

(0.224)

0.801

(0.035)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Female

0.843

(0.224)

0.82

(0.032)

0.023

(−0.040, 0.087)

0.48

Ethnicity

 Chinese

0.854

(0.212)

0.845

(0.034)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Non-Chinese

0.795

(0.265)

0.777

(0.037)

−0.084

(−0.174, 0.005)

0.06

Main spoken language

 English

0.86

(0.249)

0.837

(0.036)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Mandarin

0.835

(0.214)

0.778

(0.034)

−0.073

(−0.148, 0.001)

0.05

 Malay/Tamil/ Others

0.838

(0.206)

0.817

(0.040)

−0.025

(− 0.116, 0.066)

0.59

Marital status

 Married

0.856

(0.206)

0.845

(0.038)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Others^a

0.797

(0.275)

0.777

(0.034)

−0.084

(− 0.171, 0.003)

0.06

Education

 Primary/ No formal

0.835

(0.218)

0.807

(0.038)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Secondary

0.843

(0.239)

0.814

(0.036)

0.009

(−0.066, 0.083)

0.82

 Post-secondary

0.851

(0.205)

0.811

(0.035)

0.005

(−0.087, 0.097)

0.91

Employment

 Employed

0.847

(0.217)

0.83

(0.032)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Unemployed/ Retired

0.832

(0.239)

0.792

(0.036)

−0.047

(−0.116, 0.022)

0.18

Monthly Household Income

 < $2000

0.828

(0.284)

0.807

(0.037)

REFERENCE

–

–

 $2000–$3999

0.861

(0.193)

0.831

(0.038)

0.03

(−0.059, 0.119)

0.51

 $4000–$5999

0.808

(0.242)

0.791

(0.041)

−0.02

(− 0.120, 0.079)

0.69

 ≥ $6000

0.866

(0.186)

0.812

(0.045)

0.006

(−0.100, 0.113)

0.91

 Not disclosed

0.848

(0.202)

0.811

(0.038)

0.005

(−0.090, 0.100)

0.92

Dwelling

 Institution/ HDB 1–3 room

0.841

(0.247)

0.824

(0.035)

REFERENCE

–

–

 HDB 4 room

0.822

(0.222)

0.791

(0.036)

−0.041

(−0.122, 0.040)

0.32

 Other dwellings^b

0.87

(0.207)

0.817

(0.038)

−0.009

(− 0.096, 0.079)

0.85

Home Ownership

 Owner-occupied

0.855

(0.211)

0.842

(0.029)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Not owner-occupied

0.743

(0.296)

0.78

(0.045)

−0.077

(−0.192, 0.037)

0.19

Living arrangement

 Living alone

0.919

(0.129)

0.874

(0.054)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Living with others

0.837

(0.228)

0.751

(0.024)

−0.151

(−0.274, − 0.028)

0.02*