Table 3 Characteristics related to the mortality of patients with heart failure at New York Heart Association IV functional class according to their place of residence
From: Relationship between the place of living and mortality in patients with advanced heart failure
Overall | Urban | Rural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alive N = 556 | Dead N = 592 | P value | Alive N = 484 | Dead N = 488 | P value | Alive N = 72 | Dead N = 104 | P value | |
Age | 79.7 (9.3) | 83.3 (8.0) | < 0.001 | 79.7 (9.5) | 83.0 (7.9) | < 0.001 | 79.9 (8.5) | 85.1 (8.0) | < 0.001 |
Body Mass Index a | 31.5 (6.7) | 28.9 (6.4) | < 0.001 | 31.7 (6.8) | 29.1 (6.5) | < 0.001 | 31.0 (5.7) | 28.0 (5.6) | 0.004 |
Smoker | 22 (4) | 19 (3) | 0.698 | 20 (4) | 16 (3) | 0.532 | 2 (3) | 3 (3) | 0.801 |
Comorbidity | |||||||||
Diabetes | 234 (42) | 251 (42) | 0.971 | 204 (42) | 218 (45) | 0.466 | 30 (42) | 33 (32) | 0.233 |
Coronary heart disease | 178 (32) | 197 (33) | 0.782 | 160 (33) | 166 (34) | 0.804 | 18 (25) | 31 (30) | 0.597 |
Stroke | 78 (14) | 85 (14) | 0.854 | 74 (15) | 67 (14) | 0.549 | 4 (5) | 18 (17) | 0.037 |
Chronic kidney disease | 162 (29) | 229 (39) | < 0.001 | 146 (30) | 185 (38) | 0.013 | 16 (22) | 44 (42) | 0.009 |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease | 170 (31) | 208 (35) | 0.089 | 150 (31) | 172 (35) | 0.180 | 20 (28) | 36 (35) | 0.428 |
Atrial fibrillation | 254 (46) | 282 (48) | 0.707 | 224 (46) | 229 (47) | 0.891 | 30 (42) | 53 (51) | 0.289 |
Cancer | 81 (15) | 135 (23) | < 0.001 | 70 (15) | 113 (23) | 0.001 | 11 (15) | 22 (21) | 0.432 |
Hypertension | 449 (81) | 460 (77) | 0.218 | 388 (80) | 386 (79) | 0.739 | 61 (85) | 74 (71) | 0.056 |
Clinical Variables | |||||||||
Heart ratea | 76.6 (15.2) | 76.8 (14.0) | 0.735 | 76.5 (14.7) | 77.3 (14.2) | 0.413 | 77.5 (18.8) | 75.0 (13.4) | 0.329 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)a | 127.7 (18.4) | 123.3 (18.5) | < 0.001 | 128 (18.3) | 124 (18.9) | 0.002 | 128 (19.5) | 121 (17.1) | 0.008 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)a | 69.5 (10.7) | 66.7 (10.3) | < 0.001 | 69.6 (10.7) | 67.0 (10.3) | < 0.001 | 69.2 (10.7) | 65.7 (10.4) | 0.031 |
Potassium (mEq/dL)a | 4.5 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.6) | 0.033 | 4.5 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.6) | 0.082 | 4.5 (0.4) | 4.6 (0.5) | 0.246 |
Sodium (mEq/dL)a | 140.8 (3.5) | 140.5 (3.9) | 0.060 | 141 (3.4) | 141 (3.8) | 0.180 | 141 (3.8) | 140 (3.9) | 0.455 |
Creatininea | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.8) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.8) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.6) | 0.171 |
Haemoglobin (gr/dL)a | 12.3 (1.7) | 11.9 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 12.3 (1.8) | 11.9 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 12.5 (1.5) | 11.9 (1.8) | 0.013 |
Barthel Index imputeda | 59.8 (27.8) | 54.4 (28.6) | < 0.001 | 59.7 (27.3) | 54.9 (28.3) | 0.007 | 60.8 (31.6) | 52.5 (30.5) | 0.083 |
Charlson Indexa | 3.2 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 3.3 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 2.9 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.6) | 0.005 |
Medication | |||||||||
Beta-blockers | 271 (49) | 246 (42) | 0.011 | 235 (49) | 213 (44) | 0.142 | 36 (50) | 33 (32) | 0.022 |
ACEi or ARBb | 397 (71) | 361 (61) | < 0.001 | 339 (70) | 300 (62) | 0.006 | 58 (81) | 61 (59) | 0.004 |
MRAc | 145 (26) | 159 (27) | 0.883 | 130 (27) | 133 (27) | 0.947 | 15 (21) | 26 (25) | 0.644 |
Loop diuretics | 479 (86) | 536 (91) | 0.083 | 416 (86) | 443 (91) | 0.025 | 63 (88) | 93 (89) | 0.878 |
Social Variables | |||||||||
Living alone | 164 (29) | 179 (30) | 0.988 | 146 (30) | 155 (32) | 0.639 | 18 (25) | 24 (23) | 0.909 |
Inadequate housing conditions | 220 (40) | 287 (48) | 0.002 | 187 (39) | 237 (49) | 0.002 | 33 (46) | 50 (48) | 0.889 |