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Table 1 Characteristics of patients with heart failure at New York Heart Association IV functional class, according to their place of residence

From: Relationship between the place of living and mortality in patients with advanced heart failure

 

Overall

Women

Men

Urban

N = 972

Rural

N = 176

P value

Urban

N = 598

Rural

N = 110

P value

Urban

N = 374

Rural

N = 66

P value

Age*

81.3 (8.8)

83.0 (8.6)

0.020

82.9 (8.5)

84.5 (7.6)

0.039

79.0 (8.95)

80.5 (9.5)

0.228

Mortality

488 (51)

104 (59)

0.037

277 (46)

60 (54)

0.120

211 (56)

44 (67)

0.137

Cardiovascular Risk

 Body Mass Indexa

30.4 (6.8)

29.4 (5.8)

0.112

31.6 (7.1)

30.5 (6.3)

0.186

28.7 (5.9)

27.6 (4.6)

0.154

 Smoker

36 (4)

5 (3)

0.404

8 (1)

0 (0)

0.490

28 (7)

5 (8)

0.596

Comorbidity

 Diabetes

422 (43)

63 (36)

0.062

248 (42)

38 (35)

0.210

174 (47)

25 (38)

0.243

 Coronary heart disease

326 (34)

49 (28)

0.163

162 (27)

22 (20)

0.150

164 (44)

27 (41)

0.757

 Stroke

141 (15)

22 (13)

0.465

79 (13)

12 (11)

0.612

62 (17)

10 (15)

0.914

 Chronic kidney disease

331 (34)

60 (34)

0.999

217 (36)

36 (33)

0.543

114 (31)

24 (36)

0.420

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

322 (33)

56 (32)

0.738

121 (20)

24 (22)

0.803

201 (54)

32 (49)

0.512

 Atrial fibrillation

453 (47)

83 (48)

0.897

305 (51)

51 (46)

0.429

148 (40)

32 (49)

0.222

 Cancer

183 (19)

33 (19)

0.989

96 (16)

18 (16)

1.000

87 (23)

15 (23)

1.000

 Hypertension

774 (80)

135 (77)

0.384

500 (83)

94 (86)

0.732

274 (73)

41 (62)

0.089

Clinical Variables

 Heart rate (beats/minute) a

77.0 (14.4)

76.0 (15.8)

0.456

76.8 (14.6)

75.5 (16.4)

0.450

77.1 (14.1)

76.8 (15.0)

0.895

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)a

126.0 (18.6)

124.0 (18.4)

0.208

127.0 (19.0)

125.0 (18.1)

0.222

123.0 (17.9)

122.0 (19.2)

0.598

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)a

68.2 (10.6)

67.1 (10.6)

0.192

68.9 (11.0)

67.8 (9.8)

0.297

67.3 (9.9)

66.1 (11.9)

0.437

 Potassium mEq/L a

4.6 (0.6)

4.5 (0.5)

0.780

4.5 (0.5)

4.5 (0.5)

0.711

4.6 (0.6)

4.5 (0.5)

0.402

 Sodium mEq/L a

141.0 (3.7)

140.0 (3.9)

0.485

141.0 (3.6)

141.0 (3.8)

0.713

140.0 (3.8)

140 (4.0)

0.534

 Glomerular filtration

46.7 (14.6)

46.6 (13.8)

0.894

44.7 (13.8)

44.3 (13.5)

0.796

49.9 (15.3)

50.3 (13.5)

0.853

 Haemoglobin (g/dL)a

12.1 (1.8)

12.1 (1.7)

0.993

11.9 (1.6)

12.1 (1.6)

0.268

12.5 (1.9)

12.3 (1.9)

0.287

 Charlson Indexa

3.6 (1.8)

3.3 (1.5)

0.031

3.4 (1.7)

3.1 (1.4)

0.058

3.9 (1.9)

3.6 (1.6)

0.194

 Barthel Indexa

57.3 (27.9)

55.9 (31.1)

0.535

52.5 (27.3)

51.4 (29.6)

0.707

64.9 (27.2)

63.3 (32.5)

0.701

Medication

 Beta-blockers

448 (46)

69 (39)

0.098

279 (47)

46 (42)

0.406

169 (45)

23 (35)

0.154

 ACEi or ARB b

639 (66)

119 (68)

0.692

400 (67)

78 (71)

0.474

239 (64)

41 (62)

0.890

 MRA c

263 (27)

41 (23)

0.343

143 (24)

19 (17)

0.161

120 (32)

22 (33)

0.954

 Loop diuretics

859 (88)

156 (89)

0.929

522 (87)

99 (90)

0.524

337 (90)

57 (86)

0.485

Social Variables

 Living alone

301 (31)

42 (24)

0.071

195 (33)

26 (24)

0.079

106 (28)

16 (24)

0.591

 Inadequate housing conditions

424 (44)

83 (47)

0.384

243 (41)

54 (49)

0.122

181 (48)

29 (44)

0.593

  1. aMean (Standard deviation); bACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and ARB Angiotensin II receptor blockers),cMRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists