From: Relationship between the place of living and mortality in patients with advanced heart failure
Overall | Women | Men | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban N = 972 | Rural N = 176 | P value | Urban N = 598 | Rural N = 110 | P value | Urban N = 374 | Rural N = 66 | P value | |
Age* | 81.3 (8.8) | 83.0 (8.6) | 0.020 | 82.9 (8.5) | 84.5 (7.6) | 0.039 | 79.0 (8.95) | 80.5 (9.5) | 0.228 |
Mortality | 488 (51) | 104 (59) | 0.037 | 277 (46) | 60 (54) | 0.120 | 211 (56) | 44 (67) | 0.137 |
Cardiovascular Risk | |||||||||
Body Mass Indexa | 30.4 (6.8) | 29.4 (5.8) | 0.112 | 31.6 (7.1) | 30.5 (6.3) | 0.186 | 28.7 (5.9) | 27.6 (4.6) | 0.154 |
Smoker | 36 (4) | 5 (3) | 0.404 | 8 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.490 | 28 (7) | 5 (8) | 0.596 |
Comorbidity | |||||||||
Diabetes | 422 (43) | 63 (36) | 0.062 | 248 (42) | 38 (35) | 0.210 | 174 (47) | 25 (38) | 0.243 |
Coronary heart disease | 326 (34) | 49 (28) | 0.163 | 162 (27) | 22 (20) | 0.150 | 164 (44) | 27 (41) | 0.757 |
Stroke | 141 (15) | 22 (13) | 0.465 | 79 (13) | 12 (11) | 0.612 | 62 (17) | 10 (15) | 0.914 |
Chronic kidney disease | 331 (34) | 60 (34) | 0.999 | 217 (36) | 36 (33) | 0.543 | 114 (31) | 24 (36) | 0.420 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 322 (33) | 56 (32) | 0.738 | 121 (20) | 24 (22) | 0.803 | 201 (54) | 32 (49) | 0.512 |
Atrial fibrillation | 453 (47) | 83 (48) | 0.897 | 305 (51) | 51 (46) | 0.429 | 148 (40) | 32 (49) | 0.222 |
Cancer | 183 (19) | 33 (19) | 0.989 | 96 (16) | 18 (16) | 1.000 | 87 (23) | 15 (23) | 1.000 |
Hypertension | 774 (80) | 135 (77) | 0.384 | 500 (83) | 94 (86) | 0.732 | 274 (73) | 41 (62) | 0.089 |
Clinical Variables | |||||||||
Heart rate (beats/minute) a | 77.0 (14.4) | 76.0 (15.8) | 0.456 | 76.8 (14.6) | 75.5 (16.4) | 0.450 | 77.1 (14.1) | 76.8 (15.0) | 0.895 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)a | 126.0 (18.6) | 124.0 (18.4) | 0.208 | 127.0 (19.0) | 125.0 (18.1) | 0.222 | 123.0 (17.9) | 122.0 (19.2) | 0.598 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)a | 68.2 (10.6) | 67.1 (10.6) | 0.192 | 68.9 (11.0) | 67.8 (9.8) | 0.297 | 67.3 (9.9) | 66.1 (11.9) | 0.437 |
Potassium mEq/L a | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.5) | 0.780 | 4.5 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.5) | 0.711 | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.5) | 0.402 |
Sodium mEq/L a | 141.0 (3.7) | 140.0 (3.9) | 0.485 | 141.0 (3.6) | 141.0 (3.8) | 0.713 | 140.0 (3.8) | 140 (4.0) | 0.534 |
Glomerular filtration | 46.7 (14.6) | 46.6 (13.8) | 0.894 | 44.7 (13.8) | 44.3 (13.5) | 0.796 | 49.9 (15.3) | 50.3 (13.5) | 0.853 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL)a | 12.1 (1.8) | 12.1 (1.7) | 0.993 | 11.9 (1.6) | 12.1 (1.6) | 0.268 | 12.5 (1.9) | 12.3 (1.9) | 0.287 |
Charlson Indexa | 3.6 (1.8) | 3.3 (1.5) | 0.031 | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.4) | 0.058 | 3.9 (1.9) | 3.6 (1.6) | 0.194 |
Barthel Indexa | 57.3 (27.9) | 55.9 (31.1) | 0.535 | 52.5 (27.3) | 51.4 (29.6) | 0.707 | 64.9 (27.2) | 63.3 (32.5) | 0.701 |
Medication | |||||||||
Beta-blockers | 448 (46) | 69 (39) | 0.098 | 279 (47) | 46 (42) | 0.406 | 169 (45) | 23 (35) | 0.154 |
ACEi or ARB b | 639 (66) | 119 (68) | 0.692 | 400 (67) | 78 (71) | 0.474 | 239 (64) | 41 (62) | 0.890 |
MRA c | 263 (27) | 41 (23) | 0.343 | 143 (24) | 19 (17) | 0.161 | 120 (32) | 22 (33) | 0.954 |
Loop diuretics | 859 (88) | 156 (89) | 0.929 | 522 (87) | 99 (90) | 0.524 | 337 (90) | 57 (86) | 0.485 |
Social Variables | |||||||||
Living alone | 301 (31) | 42 (24) | 0.071 | 195 (33) | 26 (24) | 0.079 | 106 (28) | 16 (24) | 0.591 |
Inadequate housing conditions | 424 (44) | 83 (47) | 0.384 | 243 (41) | 54 (49) | 0.122 | 181 (48) | 29 (44) | 0.593 |