Table 4 Secondary outcomes

Pain and disability

 Oswestry Disability Index, change from baseline to 3- and 12-month follow-up Roland Morris disability questionnaire, change from baseline to 12-month follow-up

 PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) (short form 20a), change from baseline to 3-month follow-up

 Frequency of LBP during last 3 months, change from baseline to 3- and 12-month follow-ups

 LBP intensity (0–10 numerical rating scale (NRS)) during last week, change from baseline to 3- and 12-month follow-ups

 Leg pain intensity (NRS) during last week change from baseline to 3- and 12-month follow-ups

 SBT (STarT Back Tool) change from baseline to 12-month follow-up

Health-related quality of life

 EQ-5D (EuroQol five dimensions) change from baseline to 12-month follow-up

Direct costs

 Physician visits during last year

 Physiotherapist visits during last year

 Nurse visits during last year

 Other health care professional visits (e.g. psychologist) during last year

 Imaging due to LBP (x-ray/MRI/CT) during last year

 Pain medication during first year

 Back surgery rate

Indirect costs

 Days on sick leave during last year (LBP-related and all sick leaves)

 Disability pensions during first year