Table 4 Characteristics of articles included in the review

Band et al. [31] (2017)

England

Mixed Methods

Semi-structured interviews; focus groups; synthesis of qualitative literature; quantitative systematic review

Primary care

Patients (n = 50);

Patient interviewees (n = 16);

HCP interviewees (n = 16)

Blood pressure

Development

Bayliss et al. [32] (2016)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews

Primary care

Patients (n = 11); GP (n = 8)

ME/CFS

Evaluation

Blickem et al. [33] (2014)

England

Qualitative

Ethnographic

Primary care

Patients (n = 20); Telephone Support Workers (n = 3)

Chronic kidney disease

Trial

Bouamrane and Mair [34]. (2013)

Scotland

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews and focus groups

Primary care

GP (n = 25)

Electronic referral system

Evaluation

Bouamrane and Mair [35]. (2014)

Scotland

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews and focus groups

Primary care

GP (n = 25)

Electronic referral system

Evaluation

Browne et al. [36] (2014)

Scotland

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews and focus groups

Primary care Secondary care

Patients (n = 30); Carers (n = 20); Community Care Professionals (n = 39); Heart Failure Specialists (n = 22); Palliative Care Professionals (n = 4)

Chronic heart failure

Development

Buckingham et al. [37] (2015)

Scotland

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews and group interviews

Primary care

Community health

Patients (n = 32); Carers (n = 3); HCP (n = 28)

COPD

Trial

Carter et al. [38] (2016)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews and focus groups

Primary care

GP (n = 13); PN (n = 9); Practice Managers (n = 5); Practice Administrators (n = 23)

Patient feedback

Evaluation

Coupe et al. [39] (2014)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews

Primary care

Case managers (n = 6); Supervisors (n = 5); GP (n = 15)

Collaborative care: Depression

Evaluation

De Brún et al. [59] (2015)

Europe (Austria, England, Greece, Ireland, Netherlands, Scotland)

Documentary review

Mapping

Primary care

Cross-cultural communication

Development

Farr et al. [40] (2018)

England

Mixed-methods

Semi-structured interviews; patient survey; e-consultation data

Primary care

Primary care practice stakeholders [GP (n = 10); Nurse Practitioner (n = 1); Practice Managers(n = 6); Practice Administrators (n = 6)]; Patients (n = 75)

e-consultation

Evaluation

Grant et al. [41] (2017)

England

Qualitative

In-depth interview

Primary care

GP (n = 17); Practice Managers/Administrators (n = 9); Practice Pharmacists (n = 3)

Prescribing

Evaluation

Hoskins et al. [42] (2016)

Scotland

Mixed-methods

Patient data, semi-structured interviews (practice nurses and patients)

Primary care

PN (n = 10); patients (n = 14)

Asthma management

Trial

Kennedy et al. [43] (2014)

England

Mixed-methods

Semi-structured interviews and survey data

Primary care

Patients (n = 24) and Stakeholders from 31 practices including GP; Nurses,

Practice manager and Administrators

Long-term conditions

Evaluation

Kennedy et al. [44] (2014)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews

Primary care

PN (n = 11); Assistant Practitioners (n = 1)

Long-term conditions

Evaluation

Knowles et al. [45] (2013)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews

Primary care

Psychological Well-being Practitioners (n = 6); PN (n = 17)

Collaborative care: Mental health co-morbidity

Evaluation

Ling et al. [46] (2012)

England

Qualitative

Case-study; semi-structured interviews; observations; semi-structured questionnaire, and documentary analysis

Primary care Secondary care

Community health

Staff stakeholders (n = 213)

Integrated care

Evaluation

Lionis et al. [59] (2016)

Europe (Austria, England, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Netherlands)

Qualitative

Stakeholder (JT PLA Style Focus Group)

Primary care

Total: n = 304 governmental and non-governmental agencies

England n = 9.

Total: Stakeholders (n = 78): England: Migrant Community stakeholders (n = 7); GP (n = 1), Interpreter (n = 1), Policy Maker (n = 1)

Guidelines and training initiatives (G/TIs) are available to support communication in cross-cultural consultations

Development

Martindale et al. [47] (2017)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews

Primary care

GP (n = 7); PN (n = 5); Community Pharmacist (n = 5); Practice Pharmacist (n = 4); Practice Administrator (n = 2); HCA (n = 1); Patients (n = 5)

Prevention of acute kidney injury

Evaluation

Morden et al. [48] (2015)

England

Qualitative

Ethnographic

Primary care

GP (n = 9);

PN (n = 4)

Osteoarthritis

Evaluation

Morris et al. [49] (2016)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews

Primary care

GP (n = 12); PN (n = 8); Pharmacists (n = 12); Patients (n = 10)

Acute kidney injury

Evaluation

O’Donnell and Kaner [50]. (2017)

England

Qualitative

In-depth, semi-structured interviews

Primary care

GP (n = 14)

Brief alcohol interventions

Evaluation

Ong et al. [51] (2014)

England

Qualitative

Ethnographic

Primary care

GP (n = 10); PN (n = 5)

Osteoarthritis

Evaluation

Porter et al. [52] (2016)

Wales

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews and focus groups

Primary care

GP (n = 31); PN (n = 2); Practice Manager (n = 10)

Emergency admission prediction

Evaluation

Reeve et al. [53] (2016)

England

Qualitative

Ethnographic

Primary care

HCP; Commissioners, and Patients. (n = unspecified)

Mental health

Evaluation

Reeve et al. [54] (2018)

England

Quantitative

Survey

Primary care

Nurse Prescriber (n = 234); GP (n = 97); Pharmacist (n = 88)

Polypharmacy prescribing

Development

Ricketts et al. [58] (2016)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews

Primary care

GP (n = 9); PN (n = 13); Reception Staff (n = 7).

Sexual health

Evaluation

Rostami et al. [55] (2018)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews

Primary care Secondary care

Primary Care Pharmacists (n = 2); Hospital Pharmacists (n = 9); Hospital Nurse (n = 3); Clinical Auditor (n = 1)

Prescribing safety

Evaluation

Stevenson [56]. (2015)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews and focus groups

Primary care

Patients (n = 50); Practice Staff (n = 7); Stakeholders (n = 11)

CPRD implementation

Evaluation

Teunissen et al. [61] (2017)

Europe (Austria, England, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Netherlands)

Qualitative

Ethnography

Primary care

66 Stakeholders [GP (n = 14); PN (n = 8); Policy Makers (n = 12); Administrators (n = 6); Trainers (n = 4); Interpreters (n = 4); Migrants/Migrant Representatives (n = 18)]

Cross-cultural communication

Evaluation

Webster et al. [57] (2016)

England

Qualitative

Semi-structured interview

Primary care

Patients (n = 4); GP (n = 5); PN (n = 3); HCA (n = 1); mental health gateway worker (n = 1)

Collaborative care

Evaluation