Table 1 Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics and healthcare utilization of patients in Year 2012

Age, (SD)

43.1 (15.0)

62.1 (12.2)

72.9 (11.1)

54.2 (19.4)

64.8 (11.5)

70.6 (13.3)

51.7 (17.4)

<0.001

 Male, (%)

25,979 (44.6)

11,399 (43.3)

1,620 (54.7)

538 (48.7)

5,392 (48.5)

587 (56.7)

45,515 (45.2)

<0.001

 Chinese, (%)

42,890 (73.7)

22,596 (85.9)

2,468 (83.3)

687 (62.2)

8,971 (80.7)

802 (77.5)

78,414 (77.8)

<0.001

 Malay, (%)

8.258 (14.2)

1,635 (6.2)

174 (5.9)

208 (18.8)

991 (8.9)

116 (11.2)

11,382 (11.3)

 Indian, (%)

4,511 (7.8)

1,520 (5.8)

248 (8.4)

171 (15.5)

889 (8.0)

91 (8.8)

7,430 (7.4)

 Others, (%)

2,554 (4.4)

558 (2.1)

74 (2.5)

38 (3.4)

271 (2.4)

26 (2.5)

3,521 (3.5)

 Public rental housing, (%)

4,406 (7.6)

1,929 (7.3)

401 (13.5)

275 (24.9)

949 (8.5)

162 (15.7)

8,122 (8.1)

 Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (%)

451 (0.8)

4,981 (18.9)

1,592 (53.7)

175 (15.9)

11,122 (100)

654 (63.2)

18,975 (18.8)

<0.001

 Hypertension, (%)

3,883 (6.7)

19,099 (72.6)

2,881 (97.2)

432 (39.1)

11,040 (99.3)

970 (93.7)

38,305 (38.0)

<0.001

 Hyperlipidemia, (%)

2 (0.01)

23,427 (89.1)

2,809 (94.8)

334 (30.3)

11,060 (99.4)

865 (83.6)

38,497 (38.2)

<0.001

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with complication, (%)

23 (0.04)

0 (0)

103 (3.5)

5 (0.5)

1,586 (14.3)

205 (19.8)

1,922 (1.9)

<0.001

 Chronic kidney disease stage 3 and 4, (%)

50 (0.1)

945 (3.6)

239 (8.1)

12 (1.1)

1,408 (12.7)

1,035 (100)

3,689 (3.7)

<0.001

 Chronic kidney disease stage 5, end stage renal disease, (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.1)

0 (0)

1,003 (96.9)

1,004 (1.0)

<0.001

 Coronary artery disease, (%)

198 (0.3)

2,433 (9.3)

2,485 (83.8)

53 (4.8)

1,954 (17.6)

523 (50.5)

7,646 (7.6)

<0.001

 Atrial fibrillation, (%)

45 (0.1)

99 (0.4)

514 (17.3)

20 (1.8)

1 (0.01)

139 (13.4)

818 (0.8)

<0.001

 Heart failure, (%)

88 (0.2)

114 (0.4)

863 (29.1)

32 (2.9)

15 (0.1)

322 (31.1)

1,434 (1.4)

<0.001

 Peripheral vascular disease, (%)

24 (0.04)

95 (0.4)

372 (12.6)

9 (0.8)

132 (1.2)

117 (11.3)

749 (0.7)

<0.001

 Stroke, (%)

145 (0.3)

1,565 (6.0)

1,232 (41.6)

32 (2.9)

819 (7.4)

282 (27.3)

4,075 (4.0)

<0.001

 Asthma, (%)

1,774 (3.1)

777 (3.0)

423 (14.3)

901 (81.6)

314 (2.8)

95 (9.2)

4,284 (4.3)

<0.001

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (%)

210 (0.4)

99 (0.4)

564 (19.0)

1,096 (99.3)

74 (0.7)

144 (13.9)

2,187 (2.2)

<0.001

 Depression, (%)

1,112 (1.9)

713 (2.7)

195 (6.6)

79 (7.2)

64 (0.6)

79 (7.6)

2,242 (2.2)

<0.001

 Dementia, (%)

17 (0.03)

91 (0.4)

135 (4.6)

5 (0.5)

56 (0.5)

49 (4.7)

353 (0.4)

<0.001

 Anxiety, (%)

545 (0.9)

361 (1.4)

66 (2.2)

31 (2.8)

18 (0.2)

21 (2.0)

1,042 (1.0)

<0.001

 Osteoarthritis, (%)

4,870 (8.4)

7,716 (29.3)

737 (24.9)

220 (19.9)

689 (6.2)

288 (27.8)

14,520 (14.4)

<0.001

 Benign prostate hyperplasia, (%)

189 (0.3)

454 (1.7)

208 (7.0)

18 (1.6)

25 (0.2)

27 (2.6)

921 (0.9)

<0.001

 Hyperthyroidism, (%)

526 (0.9)

442 (1.7)

33 (1.1)

18 (1.6)

19 (0.2)

6 (0.6)

1,044 (1.0)

<0.001

 Hypothyroidism, (%)

453 (0.8)

1,127 (4.3)

98 (3.3)

29 (2.6)

87 (0.8)

27 (2.6)

1,821 (1.8)

<0.001

 Malignancy, (%)

627 (1.1)

1,137 (4.3)

298 (10.1)

79 (7.2)

387 (3.5)

91 (8.8)

2,619 (2.6)

<0.001

 Metastatic disease, (%)

90 (0.2)

168 (0.6)

56 (1.9)

11 (1.0)

12 (0.1)

11 (1.1)

348 (0.4)

<0.001

 Number of primary care outpatient clinic visits, (SD)

2.8 (4.0)

5.7 (3.8)

6.7 (5.7)

5.6 (10.3)

6.6 (4.5)

6.5 (8.7)

4.1 (4.6)

<0.001

 Number of outpatient specialist clinic visit, (SD)

1.7 (4.3)

2.8 (6.0)

5.0 (7.8)

4.2 (8.6)

2.5 (5.4)

10.0 (12.5)

2.7 (5.4)

<0.001

 Number of hospital admission, (SD)

0.1 (0.4)

0.1 (0.5)

0.5 (1.2)

0.4 (0.9)

0.1 (0.5)

1.2 (1.8)

0.1 (0.5)

<0.001

 Number of emergency department visits, (SD)

0.1 (0.5)

0.1 (0.5)

0.2 (0.6)

0.6 (1.5)

0.2 (0.6)

1.2 (1.9)

0.2 (0.7)

<0.001