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Table 3 Association between baseline pain and insomnia symptoms and restricted social activity at follow-up

From: Musculoskeletal pain and co-morbid insomnia in adults; a population study of the prevalence and impact on restricted social participation

 

Model I

Model II

Model III

Model IV

Baseline Pain

1.8*

(1.2,2.9)

1.1

(0.7,1.8)

1.1

(0.6,1.8)

1.3

(0.7,2.4)

Delayed sleep onset

2.9**

(1.8,4.8)

2.4**

(1.4,4.1)

2.6**

(1.5,4.5)

7.6**

(2.3,25.4)

Difficulty maintaining sleep

1.3

(0.8,2.1)

1.1

(0.7,1.8)

1.0

(0.6,1.6)

1.0

(0.6,1.6)

Early waking

1.5

(0.8,2.6)

1.4

(0.8,2.5)

1.4

(0.7,2.5)

1.3

(0.7,2.5)

Non-restorative sleep

2.0**

(1.3,3.1)

1.0

(0.6,1.6)

0.9

(0.6,1.5)

0.9

(0.6,1.5)

Age

1.5**

(1.2,1.8)

1.2

(0.98,1.5)

1.2

(0.9,1.5)

1.2

(0.9,1.5)

Gender

1.2

(0.97,1.4)

1.1

(0.9,1.4)

1.2

(0.97,1.4)

1.2

(0.96,1.4)

Manual occupation

1.2

(0.98,1.4)

1.1

(0.9,1.3)

1.0

(0.8,1.2)

1.0

(0.8,1.2)

Possible/probable Depression

-

1.8**

(1.5,2.1)

1.5**

(1.3,1.8)

1.5**

(1.2,1.8)

Possible/probable Anxiety

-

1.3*

(1.0,1.6)

1.2

(0.9,1.4)

1.2

(0.9,1.5)

Poor physical function (Lowest tertilea)

-

2.7**

(1.7,4.4)

1.9*

(1.1,3.2)

2.0**

(1.2,3.3)

Moderate physical function (mid tertilea)

-

1.3

(0.8,2.2)

1.2

(0.7,2.1)

1.2

(0.7,2.0)

Baseline RSA

-

-

4.6**

(3.0,7.1)

4.6**

(3.0,7.1)

Pain x delayed sleep onset interaction

-

-

 

0.3*

(0.1,0.99)

Model fit: AUROC

0.730

0.805

0.829

0.830

Hosmer-Lemeshow test

p = .308 (83.2%)

p = .435

(85.4%)

p = .394

(86.5%)

p = .414

(86.6%)

  1. Multivariate model I: Pain, each insomnia symptom, and sociodemographic factors. Model II: Pain, each insomnia symptom, sociodemographic factors, anxiety, depression and physical health related quality of life. Model III: Pain, each insomnia symptom, sociodemographic factors, anxiety, depression, physical health related quality of life and baseline social participation. Model IV: Model 3 plus the inclusion of an interaction term between pain and delayed sleep onset. All values are Exp (beta) with 95% confidence intervals. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, − variable not included in the model
  2. aReferent group was those participants in the tertile with the highest physical function scores
  3. AUROC – Area Under the Receiver Operator Characteristic curve. Hosmer & Lemeshow test reported as p-value (insignificant p-value indicates good fit) and proportion of cases correctly classified