Table 3 Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of T2DM patients allocated to the intervention and control groups, n = 888
Characteristics | Intervention n = 471 | Control n = 417 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years; Mean (SE) | 58 (0.48) | 57 (0.5) | 0.36 | |
Gender; n (%) | ||||
 Males | 180 (38.2) | 149 (35.7) | 0.44 | |
 Females | 291 (61.8) | 268 (64.3) |  | |
Ethnicity; n (%) | ||||
 Malays | 242 (51.4) | 190 (45.6) | 0.26 | |
 Chinese | 71 (15.1) | 90 (21.6) |  | |
 Indians | 157 (33.3) | 130 (31.2) |  | |
 Others | 1 (0.2) | 7 (1.6) |  | |
Education attainment; n (%) | ||||
 No education | 50 (10.6) | 45 (10.8) | 0.84 | |
 Primary | 187 (39.7) | 157 (37.6) |  | |
 Secondary | 197 (41.8) | 192 (46.1) |  | |
 Tertiary | 37 (7.9) | 23 (5.5) |  | |
Smoking status; n (%) | ||||
 Non-smoker | 363 (77.1) | 330 (79.1) | 0.42 | |
 Current smoker | 66 (14.0) | 50 (12.0) |  | |
 Ex-smoker | 42 (8.9) | 37 (8.9) |  | |
Comorbidity; n (%) | ||||
 Hypertension | 349 (74.1) | 329 (78.9) | 0.09 | |
 Hyperlipidaemia | 221 (46.9) | 233 (55.9) | 0.01 | |
 History of myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral vascular disease | 20 (4.2) | 16 (3.8) | 0.76 | |
Duration of Medical Conditions, years; Mean (SE) | ||||
 Duration of diabetes mellitus | 6.5 (0.28) | 6.8 (0.29) | 0.41 | |
 Duration of hypertension | 5.5 (0.32) | 5.4 (0.32) | 0.72 | |
 Duration of hyperlipidaemia | 1.8 (0.15) | 2.6 (0.21) | 0.001 | |
Biochemical characteristics at baseline; mean (SE) | ||||
 HbA1c | (%) | 8.4 (0.09) | 8.4 (0.09) | 0.91 |
(mmol/mol)a | 68.3 | 68.3 | Â | |
 Systolic BP (mmHg) | 139 (0.83) | 138 (0.81) | 0.60 | |
 Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80 (0.42) | 80 (0.44) | 0.49 | |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 (0.23) | 28.5 (0.29) | 0.01 | |
 WC (cm) | 95 (0.47) | 96 (0.56) | 0.19 | |
 TC (mmol/L) | 5.3 (0.06) | 5.3 (0.05) | 0.65 | |
 TG (mmol/L) | 2.2 (0.07) | 2 (0.06) | 0.09 | |
 LDL-c (mmol/L) | 3.2 (0.05) | 3.2 (0.05) | 0.90 | |
 HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.01) | 1.2 (0.02) | 0.01 | |
Proportion achieving biochemical targets at baseline; % | ||||
 HbA1c < 6.5%/< 48 mmol/mol | 15.3 | 17.0 | 0.48 | |
 BP ≤130/80 mmHg | 24.8 | 25.9 | 0.72 | |
 BMI < 23 kg/m2 | 15.7 | 12.7 | 0.20 | |
 WC | <90 cm (Men) | 11.3 | 12.5 | 0.58 |
<80Â cm (Women) | ||||
 TC ≤ 4.5 mmol/L | 26.8 | 26.9 | 0.97 | |
 TG ≤ 1.7 mmol/L | 45.4 | 52.8 | 0.03 | |
 LDL-c ≤ 2.6 mmol/L | 31.9 | 31.2 | 0.82 | |
 HDL-c ≥ 1.1 mmol/L | 60.9 | 66.7 | 0.08 | |