|
Age, years; Mean (SE)
|
58 (0.48)
|
57 (0.5)
|
0.36
|
|
Gender; n (%)
|
|
Males
|
180 (38.2)
|
149 (35.7)
|
0.44
|
|
Females
|
291 (61.8)
|
268 (64.3)
| |
|
Ethnicity; n (%)
|
|
Malays
|
242 (51.4)
|
190 (45.6)
|
0.26
|
|
Chinese
|
71 (15.1)
|
90 (21.6)
| |
|
Indians
|
157 (33.3)
|
130 (31.2)
| |
|
Others
|
1 (0.2)
|
7 (1.6)
| |
|
Education attainment; n (%)
|
|
No education
|
50 (10.6)
|
45 (10.8)
|
0.84
|
|
Primary
|
187 (39.7)
|
157 (37.6)
| |
|
Secondary
|
197 (41.8)
|
192 (46.1)
| |
|
Tertiary
|
37 (7.9)
|
23 (5.5)
| |
|
Smoking status; n (%)
|
|
Non-smoker
|
363 (77.1)
|
330 (79.1)
|
0.42
|
|
Current smoker
|
66 (14.0)
|
50 (12.0)
| |
|
Ex-smoker
|
42 (8.9)
|
37 (8.9)
| |
|
Comorbidity; n (%)
|
|
Hypertension
|
349 (74.1)
|
329 (78.9)
|
0.09
|
|
Hyperlipidaemia
|
221 (46.9)
|
233 (55.9)
|
0.01
|
|
History of myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral vascular disease
|
20 (4.2)
|
16 (3.8)
|
0.76
|
|
Duration of Medical Conditions, years; Mean (SE)
|
|
Duration of diabetes mellitus
|
6.5 (0.28)
|
6.8 (0.29)
|
0.41
|
|
Duration of hypertension
|
5.5 (0.32)
|
5.4 (0.32)
|
0.72
|
|
Duration of hyperlipidaemia
|
1.8 (0.15)
|
2.6 (0.21)
|
0.001
|
|
Biochemical characteristics at baseline; mean (SE)
|
|
HbA1c
|
(%)
|
8.4 (0.09)
|
8.4 (0.09)
|
0.91
|
|
(mmol/mol)a
|
68.3
|
68.3
| |
|
Systolic BP (mmHg)
|
139 (0.83)
|
138 (0.81)
|
0.60
|
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
|
80 (0.42)
|
80 (0.44)
|
0.49
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
27.6 (0.23)
|
28.5 (0.29)
|
0.01
|
|
WC (cm)
|
95 (0.47)
|
96 (0.56)
|
0.19
|
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
5.3 (0.06)
|
5.3 (0.05)
|
0.65
|
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
2.2 (0.07)
|
2 (0.06)
|
0.09
|
|
LDL-c (mmol/L)
|
3.2 (0.05)
|
3.2 (0.05)
|
0.90
|
|
HDL-c (mmol/L)
|
1.1 (0.01)
|
1.2 (0.02)
|
0.01
|
|
Proportion achieving biochemical targets at baseline; %
|
|
HbA1c < 6.5%/< 48 mmol/mol
|
15.3
|
17.0
|
0.48
|
|
BP ≤130/80 mmHg
|
24.8
|
25.9
|
0.72
|
|
BMI < 23 kg/m2
|
15.7
|
12.7
|
0.20
|
|
WC
|
<90 cm (Men)
|
11.3
|
12.5
|
0.58
|
|
<80 cm (Women)
|
|
TC ≤ 4.5 mmol/L
|
26.8
|
26.9
|
0.97
|
|
TG ≤ 1.7 mmol/L
|
45.4
|
52.8
|
0.03
|
|
LDL-c ≤ 2.6 mmol/L
|
31.9
|
31.2
|
0.82
|
|
HDL-c ≥ 1.1 mmol/L
|
60.9
|
66.7
|
0.08
|
