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Table 3 Association between primary care characteristics and health screening participation in low socioeconomic status and higher socioeconomic status neighborhoods

From: Primary care characteristics and their association with health screening in a low-socioeconomic status public rental-flat population in Singapore- a mixed methods study

Rental flat (low- SES) population, hypertension screening (N = 575)

Non-rental flat (higher-SES) population, hypertension screening (N = 614)

Hypertension screening

Going for regular screening, N (%)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aORa (95 % CI)

p-value

Hypertension screening

Going for regular screening, N (%)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aORa (95 % CI)

p-value

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

45.1 (125/277)

1.00

0.737

1.00

0.949

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

57.9 (310/535)

1.00

0.181

1.00

0.503

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

43.6 (130/298)

0.94 (0.68–1.31)

0.99 (0.66–1.47)

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

49.4 (39/79)

0.71 (0.44–1.14)

0.76 (0.33–1.71)

Not in proximity to primary care

53.3 (16/30)

1.00

0.348

1.00

0.465

Not in proximity to primary care

60.3 (167/277)

1.00

0.121

1.00

0.258

In proximity to primary care

43.9 (239/545)

0.68 (0.33–1.43)

0.73 (0.32–1.70)

In proximity to primary care

54.0 (182/337)

0.77 (0.56–1.07)

0.80 (0.55–1.18)

Not on regular primary care followup

39.5 (107/271)

1.00

0.029

1.00

0.172

Not on regular primary care followup

40.6 (26/64)

1.00

0.007

1.00

0.007

On regular primary care followup

48.7 (148/304)

1.45 (1.04–2.03)

1.29 (0.90–1.85)

On regular primary care followup

58.7 (323/550)

2.08 (1.23–3.52)

9.34 (1.82–47.85)

Rental flat (low- SES) population, diabetes screening (N = 744)

Non-rental flat (higher-SES) population, diabetes screening (N = 887)

Diabetes screening

Going for regular screening, N (%)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aORb (95 % CI)

p-value

Diabetes screening

Going for regular screening, N (%)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aORb (95 % CI)

p-value

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

49.9 (183/367)

1.00

0.005

1.00

0.080

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

57.4 (413/720)

1.00

0.015

1.00

0.042

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

39.5 (149/377)

0.66 (0.49–0.88)

0.74 (0.53–1.04)

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

67.7 (113/167)

1.56 (1.09–2.22)

2.94 (1.04–8.31)

Not in proximity to primary care

41.5 (17/41)

1.00

0.748

1.00

0.083

Not in proximity to primary care

54.4 (193/355)

1.00

0.015

1.00

0.558

In proximity to primary care

44.8 (315/703)

1.15 (0.61–2.17)

1.87 (092–3.78)

In proximity to primary care

62.6 (333/532)

1.41 (1.07–1.85)

1.10 (0.79–1.54)

Not on regular primary care followup

37.6 (130/346)

1.00

<0.001

1.00

0.009

Not on regular primary care followup

66.0 (95/144)

1.00

0.079

1.00

0.079

On regular primary care followup

50.8 (202/398)

1.71 (1.28–2.30)

1.59 (1.12–2.26)

On regular primary care followup

58.0 (431/743)

0.71 (0.49–1.04)

0.37 (0.12–1.12)

Rental flat (low- SES) population, hyperlipidemia screening (N = 640)

Non-rental flat (higher-SES) population, hyperlipidemia screening (N = 643)

Hyperlipidemia screening

Going for regular screening, N (%)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aOR (95 % CI)c

p-value

Hyperlipidemia screening

Going for regular screening, N (%)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aORc (95 % CI)

p-value

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

37.6 (115/306)

1.00

0.213

1.00

0.931

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

46.9 (238/507)

1.00

0.053

1.00

0.691

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

32.6 (109/334)

0.81 (0.59–1.11)

0.98 (0.67–1.45)

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

56.6 (77/136)

1.48 (1.01–2.16)

1.22 (0.45–3.30)

Not in proximity to primary care

41.4 (12/29)

1.00

0.550

1.00

0.770

Not in proximity to primary care

44.6 (108/242)

1.00

0.088

1.00

0.825

In proximity to primary care

34.7 (212/611)

0.75 (0.35–1.61)

0.88 (0.39–2.01)

In proximity to primary care

51.6 (207/401)

1.32 (0.96–1.82)

1.04 (0.71–1.52)

Not on regular primary care followup

28.2 (91/323)

1.00

<0.001

1.00

0.023

Not on regular primary care followup

56.8 (67/118)

1.00

0.067

1.00

0.569

On regular primary care followup

42.0 (133/317)

1.84 (1.33–2.56)

1.82 (1.10–3.04)

On regular primary care followup

47.2 (248/525)

0.68 (0.46–1.02)

0.68 (0.19–2.53)

Rental population (low- SES), colorectal cancer screening (N = 722)

Non-rental flat (higher-SES) population, colorectal cancer screening (N = 866)

FOBT

screening

Going for regular screening, N (%)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aOR (95 % CI)d

p-value

FOBT screening

Going for regular screening, N (%)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aOR (95 % CI)d

p-value

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

8.7 (30/346)

1.00

0.788

1.00

0.810

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

18.9 (129/682)

1.00

0.016

1.00

0.348

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

8.0 (30/376)

0.91 (0.54–1.55)

0.93 (0.49–1.74)

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

11.4 (21/184)

0.55 (0.34–0.90)

0.55 (0.15–1.94)

Not in proximity to primary care

18.2 (8/44)

1.00

0.023

1.00

0.049

Not in proximity to primary care

15.9 (56/352)

1.00

0.411

1.00

0.049

In proximity to primary care

7.7 (52/678)

0.37 (0.17–0.85)

0.42 (0.17–0.99)

In proximity to primary care

18.3 (94/514)

1.18 (0.82–1.70)

1.48 (1.01–2.21)

Not on regular primary care followup

7.1 (24/337)

1.00

0.344

1.00

0.450

Not on regular primary care followup

11.1 (18/162)

1.00

0.021

1.00

0.847

On regular primary care followup

9.4 (36/385)

1.35 (0.79–2.31)

1.28 (0.67–2.45)

On regular primary care followup

18.8 (132/704)

1.85 (1.09–3.12)

1.14 (0.29–4.54)

Rental population (low- SES), cervical cancer screening (N = 334)

Non-rental flat (higher-SES) population, cervical cancer screening (N = 421)

Pap smear screening

Going for regular screening (N %)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aORe (95 % CI)

p-value

Pap smear screening

Going for regular screening (N %)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aORe (95 % CI)

p-value

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

16.3 (24/147)

1.00

0.566

1.00

0.372

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

26.0 (81/312)

1.00

0.001

1.00

0.047

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

19.3 (36/187)

1.22 (0.69–2.16)

2.69 (0.68–2.78)

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

43.1 (47/109)

2.16 (1.37–3.41)

7.93 (1.03–62.51)

Not in proximity to primary care

14.3 (2/14)

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.795

Not in proximity to primary care

14.7 (21/143)

1.00

<0.001

1.00

<0.001

In proximity to primary care

18.1 (58/320)

1.33 (0.29–6.10)

1.24 (0.25–6.29)

In proximity to primary care

38.5 (107/278)

3.64 (2.16–6.13)

3.22 (1.72–5.84)

Not on regular primary care followup

14.6 (23/157)

1.00

0.154

1.00

0.394

Not on regular primary care followup

42.3 (44/84)

1.00

0.003

1.00

0.750

On regular primary care followup

20.9 (37/177)

1.54 (0.87–2.73)

1.49 (0.86–3.77)

On regular primary care followup

26.5 (84/317)

0.49 (0.31–0.78)

0.65 (0.04–9.52)

Rental population (low- SES), breast cancer screening (N = 517)

Non-rental flat (higher-SES) population, breast cancer screening (N = 609)

Mammogram screening

Going for regular screening (N %)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aORe (95 % CI)

p-value

Mammogram screening

Going for regular screening (N %)

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

aORe (95 % CI)

p-value

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

10.2 (24/236)

1.00

0.053

1.00

0.009

Not on subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

9.8 (46/469)

1.00

0.001

1.00

0.006

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

16.0 (45/281)

1.68 (0.99–2.86)

2.33 (1.23–4.41)

On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme)

21.4 (30/140)

2.51 (1.51–4.16)

6.02 (1.69–21.28)

Not in proximity to primary care

25.0 (6/24)

1.00

0.115

1.00

0.023

Not in proximity to primary care

6.6 (16/244)

1.00

<0.001

1.00

0.032

In proximity to primary care

12.8 (63/493)

0.44 (0.17–1.15)

0.29 (0.10–0.84)

In proximity to primary care

16.4 (60/365)

2.80 (1.57–4.99)

2.22 (1.08–4.54)

Not on regular primary care followup

12.1 (31/257)

1.00

0.439

1.00

0.855

Not on regular primary care followup

19.7 (25/127)

1.00

0.010

1.00

0.025

On regular primary care followup

14.6 (38/260)

1.25 (0.75–2.08)

1.08 (0.48–2.42)

On regular primary care followup

10.6 (51/482)

0.48 (0.29–0.82)

0.10 (0.01–0.75)

  1. aControlling for maturity of housing estate, ethnicity, marital status, gender, financial aid, education level, and comorbidities, diabetes and hyperlipidemia in multivariate clustered logistic regression model
  2. bControlling for maturity of housing estate, age, gender, education level, hypertension and hyperlipidemia in multivariate clustered logistic regression model
  3. cControlling for age, marital status, employment, household income, financial aid, comorbidities, and hypertension in multivariate clustered logistic regression model
  4. dControlling for ethnicity, marital status, employment, education level, and comorbidities in multivariate clustered logistic regression model
  5. eControlling for maturity of housing estate, age, ethnicity, marital status, employment, household income, financial aid, education level, and comorbidities in multivariate clustered logistic regression model