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Table 1 Prevalence of chronic pain and depression overall and by ethnic group

From: Ethnic differences in the association between depression and chronic pain: cross sectional results from UK Biobank

  

Ethnic groupa

 

Overall N = 144,139

White N = 135,703

Asian N = 4539

Black N = 3897

Presence of chronic painb

    

 Yes N (%)

58,785 (40.8)

54,949 (40.5)

2081 (45.8)

1755 (45.0)

Extent of chronic painb

    

 0 N (%)

85,354 (59.2)

80,754 (59.5)

2458 (54.2)

2142 (55.0)

 1

32,948 (22.9)

31,040 (22.9)

1023 (22.5)

885 (22.7)

 2–3

20,975 (14.6)

19,554 (14.4)

791 (17.4)

630 (16.2)

 4–7

3371 (2.3)

3096 (2.3)

145 (3.2)

130 (3.3)

 Pain all over the body

1491 (1.0)

1259 (0.9)

122 (2.7)

110 (2.8)

Depression (lifetime history)b

    

 Yes N (%)

31,080 (21.6)

29,957 (22.1)

584 (12.9)

539 (13.8)

Depression and chronic pain statusb

    

 Free of depression and chronic pain N (%)

69,942 (48.5)

65,795 (48.5)

2214 (48.8)

1933 (49.6)

 Depression only

15,412 (10.7)

14,959 (11.0)

244 (5.4)

209 (5.4)

 Chronic pain only

43,117 (29.9)

39,951 (29.4)

1741 (38.4)

1425 (36.6)

 Chronic pain and depression

15,668 (10.9)

14,998 (11.1)

340 (7.5)

330 (8.5)

Sexb

    

 Female N (%)

79,596 (53.1)

72,166 (53.2)

2122 (46.8)

2308 (59.2)

Age (years)b

    

Mean (SD)

56.8 (8.1)

57.1 (8.1)

53.6 (8.6)

52.3 (8.0)

Townsend Index quintiles

    

 Missing data N

230

210

10

10

 1 (least deprived) N (%)

24,482 (17.0)

24,091 (17.8)

304 (6.7)

87 (2.24)

 2

29,077 (20.2)

28,557 (21.1)

351 (7.8)

169 (4.4)

 3

29,978 (20.8)

28,959 (21.4)

674 (14.9)

345 (8.9)

 4

32,347 (22.5)

29,760 (22.0)

1575 (34.8)

1012 (26.0)

 5 (most deprived)

28,025 (19.5)

24,126 (17.8)

1625 (35.9)

2274 (58.5)

Smoking status

    

 Missing data N

445

389

35

21

 Never N (%)

80,000 (55.7)

73,679 (54.5)

3544 (78.7)

2777 (71.7)

 Former

53,717 (37.4)

52,184 (38.6)

718 (15.9)

815 (21.0)

 Current

9977 (6.9)

9451 (7.0)

242 (5.4)

284 (7.3)

Frequency of alcohol intake

    

 Missing data N

66

44

15

7

 Daily/almost daily N (%)

30,118 (20.9)

29,530 (21.8)

335 (7.4)

253 (6.5)

 3–4 times/week

33,362 (23.2)

32,552 (24.0)

412 (9.1)

397 (10.2)

 1–2 times/week

36,663 (25.5)

35,204 (30.0)

664 (14.7)

795 (20.4)

 1–3 times/month

16,190 (11.2)

15,239 (11.2)

378 (8.4)

573 (14.7)

 Special occasions only

16,376 (11.4)

14,388 (10.6)

876 (19.4)

1112 (28.6)

 Never

11,364 (7.9)

8745 (6.5)

1859 (41.1)

760 (19.5)

BMI

    

 Missing data N

980

765

126

89

 Mean (SD)

27.5 (1.8)

27.4 (4.7)

27.0 (4.4)

29.6 (5.4)

Morbidity countb

    

 Mean (SD)

0.9 (1.0)

0.8 (1.0)

0.9 (1.1)

0.9 (1.0)

Current depressive symptom score

    

 Missing data N

11,511

10,018

833

660

 Mean (SD)

1.5 (2.0)

1.4 (1.9)

2.5 (2.8)

2.2 (2.7)

  1. SD Standard deviation; BMI Body mass index
  2. aDifferences between groups were statistically significant at p < 0.001 for all variables (tested by Chi2 test for categorical variables and Kruskal Wallis test for continuous variables)
  3. bNo missing data